短短幾個月,毛竹就能從一顆剛出土的幼筍長成20米高的竹稈,,特別是在生長高峰期的春天,,一晚上甚至可以長高3~4米。毛竹為什么具有這樣神奇的生長速度,,現(xiàn)在這一謎底終于揭曉,。
近日,中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院林業(yè)所樹木遺傳育種國家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室張建國研究組在毛竹莖稈快速生長的分子機(jī)制研究中取得了重要進(jìn)展,,他們揭示出了竹稈速生的物質(zhì)和能量基礎(chǔ),,該研究結(jié)果已經(jīng)被國際著名學(xué)術(shù)期刊Journal of proteome research在線發(fā)表。
據(jù)了解,,對于毛竹莖稈生長發(fā)育規(guī)律的研究,,我國目前主要集中在竹稈的材質(zhì)生長方面,,對竹稈的解剖構(gòu)造已經(jīng)了解得很全面,但是對于其內(nèi)在的生理生化基礎(chǔ),、內(nèi)在的調(diào)控機(jī)制卻知之甚少,。
而張建國研究組發(fā)現(xiàn),在竹筍到幼竹的生長階段,,快速生長是由細(xì)胞分裂和細(xì)胞伸長共同引起的,。據(jù)張建國所述,竹子的生長首先要進(jìn)行細(xì)胞的分裂,,但是分裂只能使體積增大,,而細(xì)胞分裂后快速地伸長才是竹子長高的主要原因。
經(jīng)組織解剖表明,,竹稈在發(fā)育初期,,細(xì)胞分裂占主導(dǎo)地位,而在發(fā)育的中后期,,細(xì)胞伸長則占主導(dǎo)地位,,竹稈的發(fā)育、成熟和老化首先從基部開始啟動,,然后才是中部和頂部,。
但是,不管細(xì)胞分裂還是伸長都與激素密不可分,。據(jù)了解,,植物激素是一類天然的有機(jī)物質(zhì),作為信號分子能以微量的濃度來影響一些生理過程,,包括生長,、分化和發(fā)育等。
而毛竹在沒有光合作用的情況下,,激素必然對其生長發(fā)育過程起到至關(guān)重要的作用,。研究組通過分析竹子整個發(fā)育期內(nèi)不同發(fā)育部位的內(nèi)源激素的動態(tài)變化,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),,竹子中內(nèi)源激素的變化調(diào)控著細(xì)胞的伸長,而激素間的平衡調(diào)節(jié)了竹稈的伸長和成熟,。
張建國表示,,在竹稈的發(fā)育過程中,由于光合能力較弱,,能量則主要來自于蔗糖降解,,果糖激酶的差異表達(dá)在能量產(chǎn)生中起到了決定作用,無氧呼吸和有氧呼吸的轉(zhuǎn)換在能量生成中也發(fā)揮了重要的作用,。
在竹稈發(fā)育的初期,,竹稈被一層厚厚的竹鞘所包被,,因此就形成了一個缺氧環(huán)境,在這種狀態(tài)下,,儲藏營養(yǎng)就被降解成單糖,,通過糖酵解繼而轉(zhuǎn)化成能量。但在竹稈發(fā)育的后期,,隨著竹鞘的脫落,,缺氧的環(huán)境逐漸減弱,三羧酸循環(huán)就變成產(chǎn)生能量的主要方式,。
另外,,張建國表示,該研究成果還是竹類植物蛋白組學(xué)方面的首次報(bào)道,,第一次從蛋白表達(dá)水平來揭示物質(zhì)快速生長的生理機(jī)制,。
據(jù)了解,蛋白質(zhì)是大多數(shù)基因的產(chǎn)物,,是基因功能的最終執(zhí)行者,,蛋白組學(xué)是研究蛋白質(zhì)的一項(xiàng)有力手段。
雖然蛋白組學(xué)研究已用于大量的物種上,,但主要集中在動物上,,關(guān)于植物方面的研究不到整個蛋白組學(xué)研究份額的5%,涉及到林業(yè)上的物種就相對更少,。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,在代謝、能量,、細(xì)胞生長,、轉(zhuǎn)錄等功能蛋白豐度表達(dá)都隨時間序列而變化,蛋白表達(dá)量受竹子發(fā)育時期的差異影響較大,,而受部位差異影響較小,。另外,細(xì)胞伸長也與蛋白表達(dá)量的變異有關(guān),。
毛竹是我國最重要的竹種之一,,具有極高的生態(tài)價值、經(jīng)濟(jì)價值和文化價值,,木材產(chǎn)量在林木中排名第三,。
張建國認(rèn)為,本研究針對毛竹建立了一套完善的雙向電泳體系,,今后可以供其他竹類植物蛋白組學(xué)研究參考,。另外,把蛋白組學(xué)技術(shù)和林業(yè)研究有效地結(jié)合,用來解決生產(chǎn)上的問題也是一項(xiàng)非常有意義的工作,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1021/pr2011878
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Temporal and Spatial Profiling of Internode Elongation-Associated Protein Expression in Rapidly Growing Culms of Bamboo
Kai Cui†‡, Cai-yun He†, Jian-guo Zhang*†, Ai-guo Duan†, and Yan-fei Zeng
In natural conditions, culms of developing Moso bamboo, Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens, reach their final height of more than ten meters within a short period of two to four months. To study this phenomenon, bamboo culm material collected from different developmental stages and internodes was analyzed. Histological observations indicated that the development of culm was dominated by cell division in the initial stages and by cell elongation in the middle and late stages. Development, maturation, and aging in different regions of the culm were studied systematically from the basal to the top internode. The four major endogenous hormones, indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, zeatin riboside, and abscisic acid appeared to strongly influence the cell elongation phase. A total of 258 spots were differentially expressed in culm development. Of these, 213 spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and were involved in many physiological and metabolic processes including carbohydrate metabolism, cell division, cell expansion, protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism and redox homeostasis. These proteins with different expression patterns constructed an ingenious network to regulate the culm development. Developmental stage-specific and internode-specific protein expression patterns were identified. Protein abundance was regulated temporally and to some extent spatially, and the sequential development from base to apex of bamboo culm was implemented by temporal and spatial expression of enzymes. Results indicate that during development energy was mainly derived from sucrose degradation, as photosynthetic capacity was poor. The regulation of anaerobic and aerobic modes of respiration appeared to play an important role in energy generation. This is the first report on proteomic profiling in bamboo and helps in understanding the regulatory processes in developing culms.