新西蘭科學(xué)家利用在該國的巖洞里發(fā)現(xiàn)的史前羽毛,,“重建”了第一只以DNA為基礎(chǔ)的巨型恐鳥。澳大利亞阿得雷德大學(xué)(The University of Adelaide)和新西蘭土地環(huán)境保護(hù)研究所(Landcare Research Institute)的研究人員,,從被認(rèn)為距今至少2500年的恐鳥羽毛里獲得遠(yuǎn)古DNA后,已經(jīng)確定出4種不同的恐鳥種類,。
在新西蘭出現(xiàn)人類以前,,這種身高2.5米,重達(dá)250公斤的巨鳥是最具優(yōu)勢的動(dòng)物,,但是毛利人在大約公元1280年到達(dá)該地以后,,這種鳥類很快走向滅絕。澳大利亞阿得雷德大學(xué)古DNA中心的研究生尼古拉斯·拉維倫斯表示,,直到現(xiàn)在科學(xué)界仍不清楚10種不同的恐鳥到底長什么樣,。他說:“我們利用遠(yuǎn)古DNA,已經(jīng)能夠把4種不同恐鳥的羽毛區(qū)分開來,。”
這些研究人員把從沉積物里發(fā)現(xiàn)的其他羽毛跟現(xiàn)在仍然存在的紅額鸚鵡的羽毛進(jìn)行對比,,確定它們的羽毛顏色有沒有變淺或者發(fā)生變化。然后利用研究數(shù)據(jù)重現(xiàn)了碩腿恐鳥(stout-legged moa),、重足象鳥(heavy-footed moa),、高地恐鳥(upland moa)和南島巨型恐鳥(the South Island giant moa)的外貌。
他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果發(fā)表在1日的《英國皇家學(xué)會(huì)會(huì)刊B》雜志上,。拉維倫斯說:“令人感到吃驚的是,,雖然很多種類的恐鳥擁有非常類似,相對普通的棕色偽裝羽毛,,但是有些擁有帶白尖的羽毛,,這使得它們的整體羽毛帶有白斑。”這篇論文的聯(lián)合作者,來自土地環(huán)境保護(hù)研究所的賈梅耶·伍德博士表示,,這種土褐色的羽毛可能是為了避免已經(jīng)滅絕的哈斯特鷹(Haast's eagle)捕獵,,通過自然選擇產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
該科研組還證明,,他們可以從這些遠(yuǎn)古羽毛的各個(gè)部位獲得DNA,,并不像以前認(rèn)為的那樣,只能在羽莖的頂端獲得DNA,。澳大利亞古DNA中心(ACAD)的凱利·阿姆斯特朗博士說:“這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)意義重大,,因?yàn)樗鼮樵诓粨p害重要標(biāo)本的前提下研究從博物館鳥類皮膚里獲得的DNA提供了方法。因?yàn)檫@種方法只需要一點(diǎn)羽毛,,就能獲得DNA,。”
澳大利亞古DNA中心的主任教授艾倫·庫伯表示,這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)說明我們或許可以利用從化石沉積物里獲得的羽毛,,重現(xiàn)其他已經(jīng)滅絕鳥類的外觀,。他說:“現(xiàn)實(shí)中有很多像謎一樣的已滅絕物種,我們非常期待能重現(xiàn)它們的外觀,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B., June 30, 2009 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0755
DNA content and distribution in ancient feathers and potential to reconstruct the plumage of extinct avian taxa
Nicolas J. Rawlence1, Jamie R. Wood2, Kyle N. Armstrong1 and Alan Cooper1,*
Feathers are known to contain amplifiable DNA at their base (calamus) and have provided an important genetic source from museum specimens. However, feathers in subfossil deposits generally only preserve the upper shaft and feather ‘vane’ which are thought to be unsuitable for DNA analysis. We analyse subfossil moa feathers from Holocene New Zealand rockshelter sites and demonstrate that both ancient DNA and plumage information can be recovered from their upper portion, allowing species identification and a means to reconstruct the appearance of extinct taxa. These ancient DNA sequences indicate that the distal portions of feathers are an untapped resource for studies of museum, palaeontological and modern specimens. We investigate the potential to reconstruct the plumage of pre-historically extinct avian taxa using subfossil remains, rather than assuming morphological uniformity with closely related extant taxa. To test the notion of colour persistence in subfossil feathers, we perform digital comparisons of feathers of the red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae) excavated from the same horizons as the moa feathers, with modern samples. The results suggest that the coloration of the moa feathers is authentic, and computer software is used to perform plumage reconstructions of moa based on subfossil remains.