據(jù)國(guó)外媒體報(bào)道，未來我們或能通過動(dòng)物的幫助準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)測(cè)地震嗎,?？茖W(xué)家有可能馬上就會(huì)給出明確的答案了。事實(shí)上,，關(guān)于地震發(fā)生前動(dòng)物們發(fā)出異常信號(hào)的說法并不少見,。電影《唐山大地震中》還特意為這件事情留下了相當(dāng)?shù)钠?/p>
地震之前，一大群蜻蜓飛過,藍(lán)光壓城……據(jù)說這些細(xì)節(jié)都是摘錄于1986年出版的《唐山大地震》中,，記者記述的震前動(dòng)物異?，F(xiàn)象。
那么,，地震發(fā)生前,，動(dòng)物真得能夠準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)地震嗎？最近《國(guó)際環(huán)境研究與公共衛(wèi)生雜志》刊登了一篇論文,，就給出了肯定的回答,。那么這篇論文是如何來論證的,，動(dòng)物為什么能感受到地震。
在2009年意大利拉奎拉地震發(fā)生前,，英國(guó)生物學(xué)家格蘭特女士一直對(duì)蟾蜍群落進(jìn)行了監(jiān)視,。她當(dāng)時(shí)親眼看到近百只蟾蜍3天之內(nèi)勝利大逃亡。后來他們的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)把觀察到的拉奎拉蟾蜍的前臨狀態(tài)記述在了《國(guó)際環(huán)境研究與公共衛(wèi)生雜志》上,。談到這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察和地震預(yù)測(cè),，格蘭特作出如下解釋。
格蘭特：實(shí)際上,，我當(dāng)時(shí)并不知道這些蟾蜍的消失會(huì)和隨之而來的地震有關(guān),。如果我們看到四五個(gè)同類的信號(hào)，了解如何連接所有這些信號(hào),，我們才可以說這即將發(fā)生.但這次我們親眼見到那些蟾蜍幾乎在短短3天之內(nèi)全部消失,，的確充滿了戲劇性。我非常的驚訝,。
她告訴英國(guó)廣播公司,，她的小組將這一發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)布之后，美國(guó)宇航局和她取得聯(lián)系,，他們希望確定蟾蜍的撤離確實(shí)和化學(xué)變化存在聯(lián)系,，也就是地殼能夠直接影響蟾蜍生活和繁殖后代的池塘的化學(xué)特征。
格蘭特：美國(guó)航天局的專家一直在研究極端壓力下巖層的化學(xué)變化,。他們想知道的是，這些蟾蜍的大規(guī)模出走是不是確實(shí)和化學(xué)變化存在著必然的聯(lián)系,，也就是地殼能夠直接影響蟾蜍生活和繁殖后代的池塘的化學(xué)特征,。最終我們的設(shè)想是希望自己的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠促使生物學(xué)家和地質(zhì)學(xué)家展開密切合作，通過研究動(dòng)物的行為識(shí)別地震即將發(fā)生前出現(xiàn)的一些難以捉摸的征兆,。于是我們?cè)谡撐漠?dāng)中就描述了這樣的現(xiàn)象,，就是可能在巖層斷裂、地殼當(dāng)中受壓的巖石釋放出了帶電粒子和地下水發(fā)生了反應(yīng),。而相連的,，生活在地下水中或者附近的動(dòng)物對(duì)生活的環(huán)境里發(fā)生的任何化學(xué)變化都非常的敏感，它們會(huì)預(yù)感到地質(zhì)正在激烈的變化,。
但是這樣的解釋似乎不足以打消外界的疑慮,。也許蟾蜍的集體消失另有其他原因？對(duì)此格蘭特這樣回答了這個(gè)問題：
格蘭特：這個(gè)結(jié)論是基于我們眾多的研究和實(shí)驗(yàn)室為基礎(chǔ)的測(cè)試,，證明這種可能性很大,就是地殼變化直接影響了蟾蜍生活和繁殖的時(shí)間以及它們生活的池塘水質(zhì)的化學(xué)變化,。當(dāng)然拉奎拉的蟾蜍并不是在地震發(fā)生前動(dòng)物行為出現(xiàn)某種異常的首例。歷史上記錄的震前動(dòng)物行為異常報(bào)告是不再不少,。還是那句話,，我們要看到四五個(gè)同類的信號(hào)之后,，然后我們的任務(wù)是把這些變化連起來，而我們這一次的發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該說是目前為止通過實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察令人信服的潛在地震預(yù)測(cè),。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.3390/ijerph8061936
PMC:
PMID:
Ground Water Chemistry Changes before Major Earthquakes and Possible Effects on Animals
Rachel A.Grant,Tim Halliday,Werner P. Balderer,Fanny Leuenberger,Michelle Newcomer, Gary Cyr and Friedemann T. Freund
Prior to major earthquakes many changes in the environment have been documented. Though often subtle and fleeting, these changes are noticeable at the land surface, in water, in the air, and in the ionosphere. Key to understanding these diverse pre-earthquake phenomena has been the discovery that, when tectonic stresses build up in the Earth’s crust, highly mobile electronic charge carriers are activated. These charge carriers are defect electrons on the oxygen anion sublattice of silicate minerals, known as positive holes, chemically equivalent to O– in a matrix of O2–. They are remarkable inasmuch as they can flow out of the stressed rock volume and spread into the surrounding unstressed rocks. Travelling fast and far the positive holes cause a range of follow-on reactions when they arrive at the Earth’s surface, where they cause air ionization, injecting massive amounts of primarily positive air ions into the lower atmosphere. When they arrive at the rock-water interface, they act as •O radicals, oxidizing water to hydrogen peroxide. Other reactions at the rock-water interface include the oxidation or partial oxidation of dissolved organic compounds, leading to changes of their fluorescence spectra. Some compounds thus formed may be irritants or toxins to certain species of animals. Common toads, Bufo bufo, were observed to exhibit a highly unusual behavior prior to a M6.3 earthquake that hit L’Aquila, Italy, on April 06, 2009: a few days before the seismic event the toads suddenly disappeared from their breeding site in a small lake about 75 km from the epicenter and did not return until after the aftershock series. In this paper we discuss potential changes in groundwater chemistry prior to seismic events and their possible effects on animals.
