對于一些人來說,,疼痛是如此之大以至于他們甚至不能忍受衣服接觸他們皮膚。對于其他人,,這意味著每一步都是審慎而痛苦的選擇,。疼痛是否由關(guān)節(jié)炎關(guān)節(jié)、神經(jīng)損傷或如纖維肌痛的疾病引起,,現(xiàn)在的研究表明有新解決方案來為那些遭受慢性疼痛的人解決痛苦,。
一個由麥克吉爾大學(xué)神經(jīng)科學(xué)家、麥克吉爾大學(xué)健康中心研究院的Terence Coderre帶領(lǐng)的研究小組,,已發(fā)現(xiàn)了解疼痛記憶如何在大腦中貯存的關(guān)鍵,。更重要的是,研究人員也能指出,,這些記憶能如何被抹除,,使減輕慢性疼痛有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。
長久以來一直認(rèn)為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)"記憶"疼痛經(jīng)歷,,它們留有疼痛的記憶痕跡,。當(dāng)新感覺被輸入,大腦中疼痛記憶痕跡放大這種感覺以致于即使一個輕微觸碰也會是令人極痛苦的,。
"疼痛記憶痕跡最好的例子也許因假性肢痛而被發(fā)現(xiàn)的",,Coderre指出,"病人可能因?yàn)槊摼叶刂?,并因?yàn)樵诒唤刂八闹弁?,即使肢體被截掉,病人繼續(xù)感覺他們自己還在遭受來自缺失肢體的疼痛,。這是因?yàn)榇竽X記住了疼痛,。事實(shí)上,有這樣的證據(jù),,即持續(xù)時間超過幾分鐘的疼痛將在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中留下痕跡",。它是以神經(jīng)元水平存在的疼痛記憶,這對慢性疼痛的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要,。但直到現(xiàn)在,,還不知道這些疼痛記憶如何以神經(jīng)元水平被貯存。
最近的工作已表明,蛋白激酶PKMzeta通過強(qiáng)化神經(jīng)元之間聯(lián)結(jié)在建立與維持記憶中發(fā)揮決定性作用?,F(xiàn)在,,Coderre和他的同事們已經(jīng)揭示,PKMzeta也是理解疼痛記憶如何在神經(jīng)元中被貯存的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn),。它們能表明在疼痛刺激之后,,PKMzeta水平在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(CNS)中持續(xù)增加。
更重要的是,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)通過在神經(jīng)元水平阻斷PKMzeta活性,,它們能逆轉(zhuǎn)由使用辣椒素刺激皮膚后神經(jīng)元發(fā)生的疼痛的超敏性,其中辣椒素是紅辣椒中的活性成分,。而且,,發(fā)現(xiàn)抹除這種疼痛記憶痕跡可減少持續(xù)性疼痛和觸摸高敏感性。
Coderre和他的同事們相信,,在此研究基礎(chǔ)上制定疼痛通路中靶向PKMzeta的方法,,可能會顯著影響慢性疼痛患者。"許多疼痛的藥物針對外周水平的疼痛,,通過減少炎癥,,或通過激活大腦中鎮(zhèn)痛系統(tǒng)來減少疼痛的感覺",Coderre說,,"這是第一次,,我們可以預(yù)見作為一種減少疼痛超敏反應(yīng)方法來針對已確定疼痛記憶痕跡的藥物。我們相信,,這是一種可能那些慢性疼痛患者提供新希望的途徑",。
為這項(xiàng)研究貢獻(xiàn)的其他研究人員包括:Andre Laferrière, Mark H Pitcher, Anne Haldane, Yue Huang, Virginia Cornea, Naresh Kumar, Fernando Cervero(全部來自麥克吉爾大學(xué)艾倫愛德華茲疼痛研究中心)和合著者Todd C Sacktor(紐約州立大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心)。
本研究的經(jīng)費(fèi)由加拿大衛(wèi)生研究所(CIHR),,路易絲和艾倫愛德華茲基金會,,美國國立衛(wèi)生研究院(NIH)和Astra-Zeneca/AECRP團(tuán)體支持。(生物谷bioon.com)
doi:10.1186/1744-8069-7-9917
PMC:
PMID:
PKMζ is essential for spinal plasticity underlying the maintenance of persistent pain
Andre Laferrière, Mark H Pitcher, Anne Haldane, Yue Huang, Virginia Cornea, Naresh Kumar, Todd C Sacktor, Fernando Cervero, Terence J Coderre
ABSTRACT Background:Chronic pain occurs when normally protective acute pain becomes pathologically persistent. We examined here whether an isoform of protein kinase C (PKC), PKMζ, that underlies long-term memory storage in various brain regions, also sustains nociceptive plasticity in spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) mediating persistent pain. Results:Cutaneous injury or spinal stimulation produced persistent increases of PKMζ, but not other atypical PKCs in SCDH. Inhibiting spinal PKMζ, but not full-length PKCs, reversed plasticity-dependent persistent painful responses to hind paw formalin and secondary mechanical hypersensitivity and SCDH neuron sensitization after hind paw capsaicin, without affecting peripheral sensitization-dependent primary heat hypersensitivity after hind paw capsaicin. Inhibiting spinal PKMζ, but not full-length PKCs, also reversed mechanical hypersensitivity in the rat hind paw induced by spinal stimulation with intrathecal dihydroxyphenylglycine. Spinal PKMζ inhibition also alleviated allodynia 3 weeks after ischemic injury in rats with chronic post-ischemia pain (CPIP), at a point when allodynia depends on spinal changes. In contrast, spinal PKMζ inhibition did not affect allodynia in rats with chronic contriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, or CPIP rats early after ischemic injury, when allodynia depends on ongoing peripheral inputs. Conclusions:These results suggest spinal PKMζ is essential for the maintenance of persistent pain by sustaining spinal nociceptive plasticity. Keywords: nociception; protein kinase C; central nociceptive sensitization