吸入性麻醉藥異氟烷與哺乳動(dòng)物大腦中老年癡呆樣變化的關(guān)系可能是由藥物對(duì)線粒體的影響引起的,,其中線粒體是大多數(shù)細(xì)胞內(nèi)產(chǎn)生能量的結(jié)構(gòu),。在這項(xiàng)將發(fā)表在Annals of Neurology上的研究中,馬薩諸塞州總醫(yī)院(MGH)的研究人員報(bào)告說(shuō),,異氟烷的服用損傷了小鼠在學(xué)習(xí)和記憶標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試中的表現(xiàn),,這一結(jié)果在服用另一麻醉藥地氟烷時(shí)沒(méi)有觀察到,。他們還找到了兩種藥物對(duì)線粒體功能有明顯不同影響的證據(jù)。
這是首次表明,,異氟烷可能誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡并通過(guò)損傷線粒體來(lái)?yè)p壞學(xué)習(xí)與記憶,,而不是地氟烷。這項(xiàng)工作需要在人的研究中進(jìn)一步確認(rèn),,但看起來(lái)像地氟烷可能是用于容易認(rèn)知功能障礙病人的一個(gè)更好的麻醉藥,,如老年癡呆病人。
以前的研究已經(jīng)表明手術(shù)和全身麻醉可能增加老年癡呆風(fēng)險(xiǎn),,并且一小部分但相當(dāng)數(shù)量的手術(shù)病人在術(shù)后期間經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)認(rèn)知功能障礙的暫時(shí)形式,。在2008年,MGH研究小組的相同成員指出異氟烷誘導(dǎo)小鼠大腦中老年癡呆樣變化,,增加涉及細(xì)胞死亡的酶激活和該疾病β淀粉樣蛋白斑塊特征的產(chǎn)生,。目前研究是探討異氟烷誘導(dǎo)性腦細(xì)胞死亡的基本機(jī)制和行為后果,并比較異氟烷與地氟烷的影響,,其中地氟烷是一個(gè)還沒(méi)有與神經(jīng)損傷相關(guān)連的常用麻醉藥,。
在一系列實(shí)驗(yàn)中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn):培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞和小鼠神經(jīng)元中加入異氟烷,,會(huì)增加線粒體膜的通透性,,干擾線粒體膜另一側(cè)的離子平衡,降低ATP水平(ATP由線粒體產(chǎn)生并給大部分細(xì)胞內(nèi)過(guò)程提供動(dòng)力),,增加細(xì)胞死亡酶caspase(半胱天冬酶)的水平,。結(jié)果也表明,異氟烷誘導(dǎo)性細(xì)胞死亡的第一步增加了活性氧的生產(chǎn),,其中活性氧是一種不穩(wěn)定的含氧分子,,能損傷細(xì)胞內(nèi)成分。在使用異氟烷后2到7天,,小鼠學(xué)習(xí)與記憶標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行為測(cè)試中的成績(jī)明顯下降,,這是與空白對(duì)照組的結(jié)果相比。當(dāng)使用地氟烷時(shí),,沒(méi)有觀察到任何異氟烷的細(xì)胞內(nèi)影響或行為影響。
在他們開(kāi)展的另一項(xiàng)研究中,,這一研究在線發(fā)表于二月份的Anesthesia and Analgesia上并于11月份刊出,,發(fā)現(xiàn)大約四分之一的異氟烷麻醉的手術(shù)病人在手術(shù)后一周表現(xiàn)出不同程度的認(rèn)知障礙,但是地氟烷麻醉或蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔麻醉的病人在認(rèn)知性能上沒(méi)有下降,。這一研究與中國(guó)北京友誼醫(yī)院的研究人員合作開(kāi)展,,只招收45例病人,每一治療組15人,,其結(jié)果需要在更大人群中確認(rèn),。
每年全世界有大約850萬(wàn)人老年癡呆病人將需要麻醉和手術(shù)治療,。開(kāi)發(fā)這些病人更安全麻醉的指南將需要麻醉、神經(jīng)學(xué),、老年醫(yī)學(xué)及其他專業(yè)的專家間的合作,。作為第一步,我們需要確定麻醉藥,,這種麻醉藥不太可能導(dǎo)致阿爾茨海默癥神經(jīng)病理學(xué)產(chǎn)生和認(rèn)知功能障礙,。
這項(xiàng)研究由眾多研究人員參與并通力合作完成,是大家努力協(xié)作的結(jié)晶,,并受美國(guó)國(guó)家衛(wèi)生研究院,、美國(guó)老年醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)、老年癡呆癥協(xié)會(huì)和治療阿爾茨海默氏病基金的資助,。(生物谷bioon.com)
doi:10.1002/ana.23536
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Anesthetics isoflurane and desflurane differently affect mitochondrial function, learning, and memory
Yiying Zhang, Zhipeng Xu, Hui Wang, Yuanlin Dong, Hai Ning Shi, Deborah J. Culley, Gregory Crosby, Edward R. Marcantonio, Rudolph E. Tanzi, Zhongcong Xie
Objective:There are approximately 8.5 million Alzheimer disease (AD) patients who need anesthesia and surgery care every year. The inhalation anesthetic isoflurane, but not desflurane, has been shown to induce caspase activation and apoptosis, which are part of AD neuropathogenesis, through the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. However, the in vivo relevance, underlying mechanisms, and functional consequences of these findings remain largely to be determined. Methods:We therefore set out to assess the effects of isoflurane and desflurane on mitochondrial function, cytotoxicity, learning, and memory using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and the fear conditioning test. Results:Here we show that isoflurane, but not desflurane, induces opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), increase in levels of reactive oxygen species, reduction in levels of mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine-5′-triphosphate, activation of caspase 3, and impairment of learning and memory in cultured cells, mouse hippocampus neurons, mouse hippocampus, and mice. Moreover, cyclosporine A, a blocker of mPTP opening, attenuates isoflurane-induced mPTP opening, caspase 3 activation, and impairment of learning and memory. Finally, isoflurane may induce the opening of mPTP via increasing levels of reactive oxygen species. Interpretation:These findings suggest that desflurane could be a safer anesthetic for AD patients as compared to isoflurane, and elucidate the potential mitochondria-associated underlying mechanisms, and therefore have implications for use of anesthetics in AD patients, pending human study confirmation. ANN NEUROL 2012;