預(yù)測性的人CLEC9A二維結(jié)構(gòu)(S:半胱氨酸殘基;Y:酪氨酸殘基),,圖片來自Cristal Huysamen et al. CLEC9A Is a Novel Activation C-type Lectin-like Receptor Expressed on BDCA3+ Dendritic Cells and a Subset of Monocytes. June 13, 2008 The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283, 16693-16701, doi: 10.1074/jbc.M709923200.
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樹突細(xì)胞在外來入侵物---比如病毒,、細(xì)菌和寄生物以及腫瘤細(xì)胞和其他死亡或受損的細(xì)胞---侵入身體時發(fā)出警報過程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵性作用。它們也被稱作抗原呈遞細(xì)胞,,能夠消化和呈遞來自受損細(xì)胞的分子到其他的免疫細(xì)胞以便識別外源入侵物和發(fā)動免疫應(yīng)答,。
來自澳大利亞沃爾特與伊麗莎-霍爾研究所(Walter and Eliza Hall Institute)的Mireille Lahoud博士、Jian-Guo Zhang博士和Peter Czabotar博士和Ken Shortman教授領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一個研究小組首次鑒定出在樹突細(xì)胞表面發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個蛋白如何識別能夠代表感染的危險性損傷,。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果于2012年4月5日發(fā)表在《細(xì)胞》子刊Immunity期刊上,,并證實(shí)免疫系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化出一種特別聰明的方法來檢測受損的細(xì)胞和死亡的細(xì)胞從而有助于產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答。
在之前的研究中,,研究人員已經(jīng)鑒定出一種被稱作Clec9A (C-type lectin domain family 9A,,即C型凝集素結(jié)構(gòu)域家族成員9A)的蛋白,該蛋白存在于特定類型的樹突細(xì)胞表面上,,對受損的細(xì)胞和死亡的細(xì)胞作出反應(yīng),。在這項(xiàng)研究中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)Clec9A識別和結(jié)合到肌動蛋白纖維上,,其中肌動蛋白是在體內(nèi)所有細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)的細(xì)胞內(nèi)部蛋白,。只有當(dāng)細(xì)胞膜受到損傷或破壞時,肌動蛋白才暴露出來,,因此它是一個完美的方法來發(fā)現(xiàn)容納潛在危險性感染的細(xì)胞并讓它們暴露在免疫系統(tǒng)的作用下,。
Shortman教授說,能夠利用Clec9A產(chǎn)生一種新類型的更加現(xiàn)代的疫苗,,而且這種疫苗更加有效,,但是副作用更小。Clec9A蛋白是當(dāng)前已知的改善免疫應(yīng)答的最好靶標(biāo)之一。通過創(chuàng)建能夠結(jié)合到Clec9A的疫苗,,人們就能夠誘導(dǎo)樹突細(xì)胞認(rèn)為它們遭遇到受損的細(xì)胞從而有助于對傳染原發(fā)動免疫應(yīng)答,。
Shortman教授說,“靶向蛋白Clec9A能夠降低實(shí)際所需的疫苗量至100到1000倍,。傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)生免疫性的疫苗技術(shù),,如使用滅活的全病毒或寄生物來激發(fā)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生免疫識別功能,需要大量疫苗以期它遇到正確的免疫細(xì)胞,,而且它還需要加入其他的物質(zhì)(即佐劑)以便提示免疫系統(tǒng)有外來物來襲,。我們正提出一種新類型的疫苗:它能夠直接前往合適的細(xì)胞從而有助于促進(jìn)免疫應(yīng)答,同時又不導(dǎo)致傳統(tǒng)疫苗產(chǎn)生的副作用,,因?yàn)樗奶禺愋愿鼜?qiáng)。”
Lahoud博士說,,對于當(dāng)前沒有好的預(yù)防措施的疾病如瘧疾或HIV而言,,這項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠有助于提高用于預(yù)防這些疾病發(fā)生的疫苗的有效性。人們也可能利用免疫系統(tǒng)開發(fā)出治療性疫苗來治療和預(yù)防疾病如一些類型的癌癥,。(生物谷:towersimper編譯)
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doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.009
PMC:
PMID:
The Dendritic Cell Receptor Clec9A Binds Damaged Cells via Exposed Actin Filaments
Jian-Guo Zhang, Peter E. Czabotar, Antonia N. Policheni, Irina Caminschi, Soo San Wan, Susie Kitsoulis, Kirsteen M. Tullett, Adeline Y. Robin, Rajini Brammananth, Mark F. van Delft, Jinhua Lu, Lorraine A. O'Reilly, Emma C. Josefsson, Benjamin T. Kile, Wei Jin Chin, Justine D. Mintern, Maya A. Olshina, Wilson Wong, Jake Baum, Mark D. Wright, David C.S. Huang, Narla Mohandas, Ross L. Coppel, Peter M. Colman, Nicos A. Nicola, Ken Shortman, Mireille H. Lahoud
The immune system must distinguish viable cells from cells damaged by physical and infective processes. The damaged cell-recognition molecule Clec9A is expressed on the surface of the mouse and human dendritic cell subsets specialized for the uptake and processing of material from dead cells. Clec9A recognizes a conserved component within nucleated and nonnucleated cells, exposed when cell membranes are damaged. We have identified this Clec9A ligand as a filamentous form of actin in association with particular actin-binding domains of cytoskeletal proteins. We have determined the crystal structure of the human CLEC9A C-type lectin domain and propose a functional dimeric structure with conserved tryptophans in the ligand recognition site. Mutation of these residues ablated CLEC9A binding to damaged cells and to the isolated ligand complexes. We propose that Clec9A provides targeted recruitment of the adaptive immune system during infection and can also be utilized to enhance immune responses generated by vaccines.