抑癌基因是一類抑制細胞過度生長、增殖從而遏制腫瘤形成的基因,。對于正常細胞,調(diào)控生長的基因(如原癌基因等)和調(diào)控抑制生長的基因(如抑癌基因等)的協(xié)調(diào)表達是調(diào)節(jié)控制細胞生長的重要分子機制之一。目前定論的抑癌基因有10余種,p53基因就是其中較為出名的一個,,由于p53蛋白在維持細胞正常生長、抑制惡性增殖中起著重要作用,,因而被冠以“基因衛(wèi)士”稱號,。
來自哥倫比亞大學癌癥遺傳學研究所,北京大學醫(yī)學部,,貝勒醫(yī)學院的研究人員揭示了著名抑癌基因p53與ARF作用途徑的新機制,,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新型酶,闡明了這種酶在p53與ARF作用途徑中的作用,。這一研究成果公布在Nature雜志上,。
在腫瘤脅迫(oncogenic stress)下p53的激活需要一種腫瘤抑制因子:ARF,近期的研究顯示p53激活是通過ARF介導的,,但是并不是由DNA損傷誘發(fā)的,,而是針對體內(nèi)某種生理條件下產(chǎn)生腫瘤生長的主要保護方式,這說明ARF-p53具有比之前預想的更多的基礎功能,。
ARF也是一種在大多數(shù)人類細胞系中非常穩(wěn)定的細胞因子,,科學家們認為ARF主要在轉錄水平上被誘導表達,并且ARF-p53途徑的激活要比p53被DNA損傷激活這一過程慢得多,,而且也是不可逆的。
在這篇文章中,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)ARF在正常人類細胞中非常不穩(wěn)定,,但是在癌細胞中降解被抑制。研究人員通過生物化學純化,,分離出了ARF的一種特殊的泛素酶,,并將這種酶命名為ULF,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種酶在體內(nèi)和體外都能與ARF作用,,促進ARF的降解,。ULF敲除實驗也證明敲除ULF后,正常細胞中ARF更加穩(wěn)定了,。
進一步的研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)NPM和c-Myc這兩種癌細胞中常見的過表達蛋白,,能抑制ULF介導的ARF泛素化過程,從而促進ARF在癌細胞中的穩(wěn)定性,。這些研究數(shù)據(jù)揭示了ARF-p53途徑的動力學特征,,也闡明了在應答腫瘤脅迫過程中,非轉錄依賴性機制對于ARF調(diào)控作用的重要性,。
近期p53研究又獲得了許多成果,,比較引人注目的是來自Dartmouth醫(yī)學院的研究人員p53具有抑制非二倍體細胞進行有絲分裂的作用,。只有當p53失效或是缺失的時候,抑制異倍體有絲分裂的功效停止,,導致細胞無限制地復制下去,,這樣變成癌細胞樣細胞。
2008年來自Dartmouth醫(yī)學院的Sarah Thompson和Duane Compton發(fā)現(xiàn),,大部分的染色體不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)下的細胞與錯誤的染色體著絲粒和有絲分裂紡錘體有關聯(lián),。正常的細胞在染色體異常分配下會停止有絲分裂,而腫瘤細胞中的異倍體卻不會停止有絲分裂,,這是什么原因,?
Sarah研究小組為了追蹤這一真相,通過人工改造人類細胞,,在染色體上加上熒光蛋白標記,,這樣可以觀察有絲分裂中這些細胞染色體的分配過程。
他們?nèi)藶榈卣T導細胞有絲分裂染色體異常分配,,并通過熒光標記來區(qū)分正常和異常的細胞,,結果發(fā)現(xiàn),正常情況下異倍體的細胞停止分裂,。在這些停止分裂的細胞中,,發(fā)現(xiàn)p53以及相關轉錄產(chǎn)物p21表達量異常高。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Nature doi:10.1038/nature08820
Transcription-independent ARF regulation in oncogenic stress-mediated p53 responses
Delin Chen1, Jing Shan1, Wei-Guo Zhu2, Jun Qin3 & Wei Gu1
1Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, New York 10032, USA
2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
3Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
The tumour suppressor ARF is specifically required for p53 activation under oncogenic stress1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Recent studies showed that p53 activation mediated by ARF, but not that induced by DNA damage, acts as a major protection against tumorigenesis in vivo under certain biological settings7, 8, suggesting that the ARF–p53 axis has more fundamental functions in tumour suppression than originally thought. Because ARF is a very stable protein in most human cell lines, it has been widely assumed that ARF induction is mediated mainly at the transcriptional level and that activation of the ARF–p53 pathway by oncogenes is a much slower and largely irreversible process by comparison with p53 activation after DNA damage. Here we report that ARF is very unstable in normal human cells but that its degradation is inhibited in cancerous cells. Through biochemical purification, we identified a specific ubiquitin ligase for ARF and named it ULF. ULF interacts with ARF both in vitro and in vivo and promotes the lysine-independent ubiquitylation and degradation of ARF. ULF knockdown stabilizes ARF in normal human cells, triggering ARF-dependent, p53-mediated growth arrest. Moreover, nucleophosmin (NPM) and c-Myc, both of which are commonly overexpressed in cancer cells, are capable of abrogating ULF-mediated ARF ubiquitylation through distinct mechanisms, and thereby promote ARF stabilization in cancer cells. These findings reveal the dynamic feature of the ARF–p53 pathway and suggest that transcription-independent mechanisms are critically involved in ARF regulation during responses to oncogenic stress.