Prostasomes as promising plasma biomarkers for prostate cancer
前列腺小體有望作為前列腺癌癥的血漿生物標(biāo)志物
2011年5月9日PNAS雜志網(wǎng)站上發(fā)布了一篇論文,,指出通過多重識別檢測技術(shù)揭示出前列腺小體有望作為前列腺癌癥的血漿生物標(biāo)志物,。
前列腺小體(prostasome)是正常和惡性前列腺腺泡細(xì)胞(acinar cell)產(chǎn)生和分泌的平均直徑為150nm的微小囊泡(microvesicle),。正常情況下,這些囊泡會釋放到精液中,。人們早已猜測惡性前列腺細(xì)胞的侵入性生長可能會造成這些囊泡出現(xiàn)在組織間隙空間(interstitial space),隨后進(jìn)入外周血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng),。前列腺小體適合作為前列腺癌癥病人血液中的生物標(biāo)志物業(yè)已通過功能增強(qiáng)型鄰位連接技術(shù)(proximity ligation assay, PLA)的檢驗(yàn),。
研究人員開發(fā)了一個異常敏感和高特異性的檢測技術(shù)(4PLA)來檢測復(fù)雜的標(biāo)的物結(jié)構(gòu),如微小囊泡,在該囊泡中,,首先通過固定化的抗體將標(biāo)的物捕獲,,隨后采用四個附著有DNA鏈的其他抗體來檢測標(biāo)的物。由于需要5個抗體同時結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生放大性的報告信號(reporter),,這就使得特異性和靈敏度得以提高,。與正常人和良性前列腺活組織切片檢察結(jié)果的人相對照,在未采取根治性前列腺切除治療的前列腺癌癥病人血液樣品中,,利用4PLA能成功地檢測到前列腺小體水平顯著性的提高,。在兩項(xiàng)獨(dú)立研究當(dāng)中,前列腺癌癥病人血漿中前列腺小體水平的中間數(shù)值比正常人血液樣品的高2.5到7倍,。Gleason評分能作為是否需要前列腺切除治療的依據(jù),,而4PLA還能將高、中Gleason評分(相應(yīng)為8/9和7)的病人與低Gleason評分(不高于6)的病人區(qū)分開來,,因而能反應(yīng)疾病的嚴(yán)重性程度,。該方法能夠檢測外周血液中的前列腺小體,可能適合用于在局限性前列腺癌癥的早期診斷和評估,。
towersimper注:
1. 鄰位連接技術(shù)(proximity ligation assay,PLA)
一種高靈敏度的蛋白質(zhì)檢測技術(shù),,該技術(shù)采用核酸適體(aptamer)或單/多克隆抗體-核酸復(fù)合物作為鄰位連接探針(proximity probes)。當(dāng)一對鄰位探針同時識別同一個目標(biāo)蛋白分子時,,它們將在空間位置上相互臨近,,通過連接反應(yīng)形成一段可擴(kuò)增的DNA標(biāo)簽序列,該標(biāo)簽序列能夠反映待測蛋白的種類及濃度,。該技術(shù)將對蛋白質(zhì)的檢測轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷NA核酸序列的檢測,,實(shí)現(xiàn)了特殊蛋白質(zhì)的檢測,定量及定位,。
2. Gleason評分或分級(Gleason score)
由于Gleason分級與生物學(xué)行為和預(yù)后關(guān)聯(lián)良好,,逐漸得到承認(rèn),使用日漸廣泛,,成為制定前列腺癌治療方案的重要參考指標(biāo),。20世紀(jì)90年代以來,美國癌癥綜合網(wǎng)推薦的前列腺癌治療指南中,,Gleason分級,、前列腺特異性抗原(PSA)水平和腫瘤分期是決定治療方案的最重要的指標(biāo)。2004年版WHO泌尿與男性生殖系統(tǒng)腫瘤分類已將Gleason分級納入,。
A. 分級和積分:
目前多采用與預(yù)后密切相關(guān)的五級法,。
①根據(jù)腺體分化程度,按5級評分(第1級1分,,分化好,;每遞升1級增加1分,;第5級5分,為未分化),。
②對于同一腫瘤不同區(qū)域腺癌結(jié)構(gòu)的變異,,按其主要和次要分化程度分別評分,以該兩項(xiàng)評分相加的總分作為判斷預(yù)后的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(例如腺癌主要結(jié)構(gòu)評為2分,,次要結(jié)構(gòu)評為4分,,則積分為2+4=6分;只有1個結(jié)構(gòu)類型,,評分為3分,,則積分為3+3=6分;穿刺活檢見3個結(jié)構(gòu)類型以上且最高級別結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)量少時,,一般將最高級別作為次要結(jié)構(gòu)類型),。
③積分為2、3,、4分者相當(dāng)于高分化腺癌,;5、6,、7分者相當(dāng)于中分化腺癌,;8、9,、10分者相當(dāng)于低/未分化癌,。
④Gleason分級適用于前列腺腺癌,不適用于腺鱗癌,、尿路上皮癌。
B. 主要結(jié)構(gòu)類型:
①Gleason 1級(很少見):一致性規(guī)則的大腺體,,背靠背密集,,形成小結(jié)節(jié)。
②Gleason 2級:較不規(guī)則的大腺體,,背靠背密集,,形成小結(jié)節(jié),結(jié)節(jié)內(nèi)腺體不融合,。
③Gleason 3級:浸潤性生長的小腺體或腺泡,,或小型篩狀結(jié)構(gòu)腺體。
④Gleason 4級:融合腺體,,大型篩狀腺體,,或呈腎透明細(xì)胞癌樣。
⑤Gleason 5級:實(shí)性癌巢(無腺樣結(jié)構(gòu)),,單個癌細(xì)胞浸潤,,或呈粉刺樣癌(癌細(xì)胞壞死)。(生物谷Bioon.com)
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生物谷推薦原文出處:
PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1019330108
Multiple recognition assay reveals prostasomes as promising plasma biomarkers for prostate cancer
Gholamrez Tavoosidana, Gunnar Ronquist, Spyros Darmanis, Junhong Yan, Lena Carlsson, Di Wu, Tim Conze, Pia Ek, Axel Semjonow, Elke Eltze, Anders Larsson, Ulf D. Landegren, and Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
Abstract
Prostasomes are microvesicles (mean diameter, 150 nm) that are produced and secreted by normal and malignant prostate acinar cells. It has been hypothesized that invasive growth of malignant prostate cells may cause these microvesicles, normally released into seminal fluid, to appear in interstitial space and therewith into peripheral circulation. The suitability of prostasomes as blood biomarkers in patients with prostate cancer was tested by using an expanded variant of the proximity ligation assay (PLA). We developed an extremely sensitive and specific assay (4PLA) for detection of complex target structures such as microvesicles in which the target is first captured via an immobilized antibody and subsequently detected by using four other antibodies with attached DNA strands. The requirement for coincident binding by five antibodies to generate an amplifiable reporter results in both increased specificity and sensitivity. The assay successfully detected significantly elevated levels of prostasomes in blood samples from patients with prostate cancer before radical prostatectomy, compared with controls and men with benign biopsy results. The medians for prostasome levels in blood plasma of patients with prostate cancer were 2.5 to sevenfold higher compared with control samples in two independent studies, and the assay also distinguished patients with high and medium prostatectomy Gleason scores (8/9 and 7, respectively) from those with low score (≤6), thus reflecting disease aggressiveness. This approach that enables detection of prostasomes in peripheral blood may be useful for early diagnosis and assessment of prognosis in organ-confined prostate cancer.
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