水泡性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV)顆粒的透射電子顯微鏡顯微照片,,圖片來自維基共享資源,。
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在胰腺導管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDA)小鼠模式動物中,將病毒注入在腫瘤內(nèi)阻止一些胰腺腫瘤進一步生長,,且能消滅其他胰腺腫瘤,。然而,還有一些腫瘤在接受這種治療后能夠繼續(xù)生長,,這就證實它們對這些病毒已產(chǎn)生抵抗能力,。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在2012年3月那期Journal of Virology期刊上。
大約95%的胰腺癌是胰腺導管腺癌(PDA),。PDA被認為是最為致命性腫瘤之一,,五年生存率只有8-20%。
在這項研究中,,美國北卡羅來納大學夏洛特分校Valery Z. Grdzelishvili領導的一個研究小組測試幾種病毒治療胰腺腫瘤的能力,,其中特別是一種經(jīng)常在實驗室中使用的病毒,即水泡性口炎病毒(vesicular stomatitis virus,VSV),。以前的研究已證實在一些胰腺癌模式動物中,,包括腺病毒、皰疹病毒和呼腸孤病毒(reovirus)在內(nèi)的一些其他病毒能夠殺死胰腺癌細胞,。
VSV有幾種屬性使得它很有潛力作為一種溶瘤病毒(oncolytic virus),。首先,不像一些其他病毒(包括腺病毒),,VSV復制不需要癌細胞表達一種特異性受體來感染這個細胞,,因此它能夠感染幾乎任何癌細胞,。第二,VSV復制是在宿主細胞的胞質(zhì)中發(fā)生的,,這意味著它不存在將健康的宿主細胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘┘毎娘L險,。第三,VSV病毒基因組容易操縱,,這使得人們?nèi)菀渍{(diào)節(jié)外源基因表達水平從而增加該病毒對特定癌癥的特異性和殺傷性,。第四,不像一些其他病毒,,人類事先并不存在對VSV的免疫性,。
在這項研究中,研究人員測試了幾種VSV病毒變異株抵抗13個臨床相關(guān)的PDA細胞系(都是從病人中獲得的,,其中包括原發(fā)性PDA腫瘤和轉(zhuǎn)移到肝臟和淋巴結(jié)的PDA轉(zhuǎn)移瘤)的能力,,并將它們的抵抗能力與腺病毒、仙臺病毒(Sendai virus)和呼吸道合胞體病毒(respiratory syncytial virus)進行比較,。
“總體而言,,VSV病毒變異株要比其他病毒表現(xiàn)出更好的溶瘤能力,而且一些抵抗其他病毒感染的PDA細胞系能夠被VSV病毒成功地消滅掉”,,Grdzelishvili說,,“然而,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)PDA細胞系在對病毒誘導的癌細胞溶解的敏感性上存在著令人吃驚的異質(zhì)性,,而且一些細胞系對所有用來測試的病毒都產(chǎn)生抵抗力,。”他說,在產(chǎn)生干擾素并對它作出反應過程中,,很多胰腺癌似乎保持著正常的抗病毒反應,,而這種抗病毒反應正是正常的健康細胞用來抵抗病毒的。
Grdzelishvili強調(diào),,在小鼠模式動物中,,VSV能夠殺死癌細胞,但是這決不能保證它在癌癥病人體內(nèi)也發(fā)揮著類似作用,,原因在于復雜的腫瘤微環(huán)境以及病人免疫應答受到破壞,。在大多數(shù)模式動物中,人們只是簡單地將人癌細胞插入到動物皮膚下面,,這樣癌癥和它們所處的環(huán)境都非常不同于癌癥在人身上自然生長時的情形,。
然而,在實驗室盤碟中抵抗病毒的癌細胞幾乎肯定也在病人體內(nèi)抵抗病毒治療,,這就意味著在病人接受治療前,,只需用簡單的實驗室測試就可鑒定出這些抗病毒癌癥。
“事先篩選對抗一系列不同病毒的細胞可能鑒定出一種治療特定病毒的最好方法”,,Grdzelishvili說,。組合病毒治療(combined virotherapy, 類似于藥物聯(lián)合治療)有可能潛在性地導致病毒提高殺死癌癥的能力。“理解癌癥抵抗病毒的機制和生物標記分子是成功地開發(fā)出預先篩選方法和抗PDA腫瘤個人化溶瘤病毒治療的關(guān)鍵”,,Grdzelishvili說,。.(生物谷:towersimper編譯)
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doi:10.1128/JVI.05640-11
PMC:
PMID:
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as an Oncolytic Agent against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Andrea M. Murphy, Dahlia M. Besmer, Megan Moerdyk-Schauwecker, Natascha Moestl, David A. Ornelles, Pinku Mukherjee and Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic agent against a variety of cancers. However, it has never been tested in any pancreatic cancer model. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer. In this study, the oncolytic potentials of several VSV variants were analyzed in a panel of 13 clinically relevant human PDA cell lines and compared to conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds), Sendai virus and respiratory syncytial virus. VSV variants showed oncolytic abilities superior to those of other viruses, and some cell lines that exhibited resistance to other viruses were successfully killed by VSV. However, PDA cells were highly heterogeneous in their susceptibility to virus-induced oncolysis, and several cell lines were resistant to all tested viruses. Resistant cells showed low levels of very early VSV RNA synthesis, indicating possible defects at initial stages of infection. In addition, unlike permissive PDA cell lines, most of the resistant cell lines were able to both produce and respond to interferon, suggesting that intact type I interferon responses contributed to their resistance phenotype. Four cell lines that varied in their permissiveness to VSV-ΔM51 and CRAd dl1520 were tested in mice, and the in vivo results closely mimicked those in vitro. While our results demonstrate that VSV is a promising oncolytic agent against PDA, further studies are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms of resistance of some PDAs to oncolytic virotherapy.