大約5.4億年前的寒武紀(jì)是進(jìn)化“怪物”的鼎盛時(shí)期,。當(dāng)時(shí)的海洋是大量無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的搖籃,,它們生有裝甲一般的體節(jié)和復(fù)眼,和以令人驚訝的方式排列的無(wú)數(shù)條腿,。然而在所有這些多樣性之中卻潛藏著生物學(xué)的微光,,從而將寒武紀(jì)生物與現(xiàn)代動(dòng)物聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
在寒武紀(jì)動(dòng)物園中有一種無(wú)脊椎小動(dòng)物,,名為撫仙湖蟲(chóng),。作為來(lái)自云南省澄江化石遺址的中國(guó)保存最完美的、5.2億年前的動(dòng)物群的一部分,,這種11厘米長(zhǎng)的無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物是最早的節(jié)肢動(dòng)物之一,。正如英國(guó)倫敦自然歷史博物館的古生物學(xué)家Gregory Edgecombe及其同事在10月11日出版的《自然》雜志上報(bào)告的那樣,其中一個(gè)樣本可能含有早期神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)特征的痕跡,。
與其他澄江化石一樣,,撫仙湖蟲(chóng)的尸體被快速埋藏到低氧的環(huán)境中,從而保護(hù)它們免遭細(xì)菌的侵襲,。這種高分辨率的保存有時(shí)甚至包括內(nèi)臟器官的細(xì)節(jié),。在Edgecombe及其同事分析的一具撫仙湖蟲(chóng)化石中,這種動(dòng)物微妙的神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)特征以一種富含鐵的褐色化石的形式被保存下來(lái),。Edgecombe說(shuō):“通過(guò)它的大小,,我們意識(shí)到這是一個(gè)腦組織,它的輪廓和位置能夠與甲殼綱動(dòng)物——例如玻璃蝦——的大腦相媲美,。”
這個(gè)節(jié)肢動(dòng)物的大腦由3個(gè)部分構(gòu)成,,它們都會(huì)聚在口的前端,并且在眼柄中留有神經(jīng)組織的痕跡,。Edgecombe表示,,這具化石的神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)特征與現(xiàn)代昆蟲(chóng)以及一些甲殼綱動(dòng)物具有驚人的相似性,意味著撫仙湖蟲(chóng)“相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的大腦”已經(jīng)進(jìn)化出處理高分辨率視覺(jué)信息的能力,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)凸顯了這樣一種理論,,即視覺(jué)的進(jìn)化促成了發(fā)生在捕食者與被捕食者之間的一場(chǎng)寒武紀(jì)“軍備競(jìng)賽”??紤]到假設(shè)的撫仙湖蟲(chóng)的視覺(jué)能力,,以及在其他相關(guān)物種的消化道中發(fā)現(xiàn)的另一種節(jié)肢動(dòng)物——三葉蟲(chóng)的片段,,Edgecombe推測(cè),寒武紀(jì)的節(jié)肢動(dòng)物可能是一種視覺(jué)敏銳的捕食動(dòng)物,。
在這么早的時(shí)代出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)復(fù)雜大腦“肯定向我們拋出了一個(gè)預(yù)料之外的問(wèn)題”,。Edgecombe提出,諸如無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)特征到底是一個(gè)早期節(jié)肢動(dòng)物的特性,,還是因?yàn)槊翡J視覺(jué)的優(yōu)勢(shì)而采用與現(xiàn)代節(jié)肢動(dòng)物類(lèi)似的方式進(jìn)化的結(jié)果,。他表示:“偉大之處在于我們能夠通過(guò)一些新的數(shù)據(jù)——來(lái)自一個(gè)我們之前真的很少觸及的源頭(腦化石),來(lái)解決這些問(wèn)題,。”
瑞典烏普薩拉大學(xué)的古生物學(xué)家Graham Budd想要看看其他的化石并加以對(duì)比,。但他指出,“所有的細(xì)節(jié)都符合”這是一個(gè)撫仙湖蟲(chóng)大腦殘留物的推斷,。這一大腦的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)并沒(méi)有讓Budd感到吃驚,。他強(qiáng)調(diào):“無(wú)論何時(shí),一個(gè)復(fù)雜的視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始進(jìn)化,,顯然就有一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的選擇壓力來(lái)優(yōu)化神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對(duì)它進(jìn)行支持,。”最重要的是,他認(rèn)為,,化石為研究人員帶來(lái)了早期節(jié)肢動(dòng)物大腦的“真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)”,,按照之前關(guān)于大腦如何進(jìn)化的假設(shè),這就像“把一只貓拋到鴿舍中一樣”,。Budd說(shuō):“這太刺激了,。”
但并非所有人都同意在撫仙湖蟲(chóng)化石中保存的結(jié)構(gòu)可以進(jìn)行明確的闡釋。按照德國(guó)萊比錫大學(xué)專(zhuān)門(mén)研究節(jié)肢動(dòng)物神經(jīng)解剖學(xué)的Georg Mayer的觀點(diǎn):“這些材料的保存確實(shí)完美,,但其中的暗斑很可能代表了一種神經(jīng)殘留物,、肌肉和消化系統(tǒng)的混合物。”
但是Mayer表示:“寒武紀(jì)節(jié)肢動(dòng)物具有復(fù)雜的身體特征,,那么為什么它們就不能生有復(fù)雜的大腦呢,?”不論這個(gè)特殊的化石是否包含著一個(gè)大腦,古生物學(xué)家認(rèn)為撫仙湖蟲(chóng)和它的寒武紀(jì)“軍團(tuán)”已經(jīng)具有了能夠在其復(fù)雜而危險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境中導(dǎo)航的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),。隨著時(shí)間的推移,,研究人員在更多的標(biāo)本中將能夠更好地調(diào)查這些生物進(jìn)化出大腦是否就反映了寒武紀(jì)的視覺(jué)“軍備競(jìng)賽”。
中國(guó)云南省澄江動(dòng)物群主要埋藏在澄江境內(nèi)撫仙湖東岸的山地丘陵區(qū),。距省會(huì)昆明63公里,,距澄江縣城11公里。經(jīng)十多年的采集和發(fā)掘,,埋藏面積約為18平方公里,。作為研究地球早期生命演化的動(dòng)物化石寶庫(kù),澄江動(dòng)物群被國(guó)際古生物學(xué)界譽(yù)為“20世紀(jì)最驚人的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)”,澄江已被譽(yù)為“世界古生物圣地”。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature11495
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Complex brain and optic lobes in an early Cambrian arthropod
Xiaoya Ma, Xianguang Hou, Gregory D. Edgecombe & Nicholas J. Strausfeld
The nervous system provides a fundamental source of data for understanding the evolutionary relationships between major arthropod groups. Fossil arthropods rarely preserve neural tissue. As a result, inferring sensory and motor attributes of Cambrian taxa has been limited to interpreting external features, such as compound eyes or sensilla decorating appendages, and early-diverging arthropods have scarcely been analysed in the context of nervous system evolution. Here we report exceptional preservation of the brain and optic lobes of a stem-group arthropod from 520 million years ago (Myr ago), Fuxianhuia protensa, exhibiting the most compelling neuroanatomy known from the Cambrian. The protocerebrum of Fuxianhuia is supplied by optic lobes evidencing traces of three nested optic centres serving forward-viewing eyes. Nerves from uniramous antennae define the deutocerebrum, and a stout pair of more caudal nerves indicates a contiguous tritocerebral component. Fuxianhuia shares a tripartite pre-stomodeal brain and nested optic neuropils with extant Malacostraca and Insecta, demonstrating that these characters were present in some of the earliest derived arthropods. The brain of Fuxianhuia impacts molecular analyses that advocate either a branchiopod-like ancestor of Hexapoda or remipedes and possibly cephalocarids as sister groups of Hexapoda. Resolving arguments about whether the simple brain of a branchiopod approximates an ancestral insect brain or whether it is the result of secondary simplification has until now been hindered by lack of fossil evidence. The complex brain of Fuxianhuia accords with cladistic analyses on the basis of neural characters, suggesting that Branchiopoda derive from a malacostracan-like ancestor but underwent evolutionary reduction and character reversal of brain centres that are common to hexapods and malacostracans. The early origin of sophisticated brains provides a probable driver for versatile visual behaviours, a view that accords with compound eyes from the early Cambrian that were, in size and resolution, equal to those of modern insects and malacostracans.