據(jù)美國(guó)生活科學(xué)網(wǎng)報(bào)道,,研究人員聲稱,印度采石場(chǎng)煤礦發(fā)現(xiàn)松鼠般大小的遠(yuǎn)古靈長(zhǎng)目物種的牙齒化石表明——這是一種生活在近5500萬(wàn)年前的物種,,它們以茂密雨林中豐富的昆蟲(chóng)為主要食物,。
杜克大學(xué)進(jìn)化人類學(xué)家理查德·凱說(shuō),“你可以將所發(fā)現(xiàn)的4顆牙齒放置在鉛筆的末端上,,它們的確很小。”這種小型遠(yuǎn)古靈長(zhǎng)目物種被稱為“Anthrasimias gujaratensis”,,它是從亞洲靈長(zhǎng)目物種一直延續(xù)進(jìn)化至1000萬(wàn)年前,并表現(xiàn)出最古老的亞洲類人猿特征,。例如,,它們不同于狐猴,它的兩只眼睛向面部前方運(yùn)動(dòng),,實(shí)現(xiàn)了兩種視野的交迭,。
之前的骨骼化石證據(jù)顯示5500萬(wàn)年前靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物生活在北美洲、歐洲和亞洲,,但是研究人員稱直到目前為止,,亞洲類人猿的化石記錄僅能延伸至4500萬(wàn)年前。這項(xiàng)研究報(bào)告發(fā)表在美國(guó)《國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)上,。理查德稱,,目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的這種動(dòng)物可能是迄今世界上最古老的類人猿物種。這暗示著一項(xiàng)事實(shí)——許多科學(xué)家認(rèn)為,,在摩洛哥石灰石沉積中發(fā)現(xiàn)的微型遠(yuǎn)古靈長(zhǎng)目骨骼化石很可能來(lái)自一種類人猿,。
紐約州立大學(xué)石溪分校脊椎動(dòng)物古生物學(xué)家埃里克·塞弗特指出,這項(xiàng)最新研究并未完全確切地證實(shí)Anthrasimias gujaratensis作為一種原始類人猿存在于亞洲,。他說(shuō),,“我認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)骨骼化石證實(shí)了大量可靠的線索,原始類人猿早期存在于亞洲,。我們對(duì)于這項(xiàng)研究充滿了信心,,并得出結(jié)論我們需要更多該遠(yuǎn)古靈長(zhǎng)類物種的骨骼化石證據(jù),進(jìn)行深入細(xì)致的分析,。比如,,頭蓋骨、肢體骨骼,、手和腳的骨骼等。”
研究人員使用附近已知年代巖石層中顯微海洋浮游生物化石,計(jì)算這些牙齒化石所關(guān)聯(lián)的物種是在什么時(shí)期生活以及如何進(jìn)食,。為了重建這一物種的食物結(jié)構(gòu),他們將牙齒化石與現(xiàn)代一些靈長(zhǎng)目物種的牙齒進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,,其中包括:侏儒狐猴、眼鏡猴和懶猴,。
牙齒的大小和外型表明這種遠(yuǎn)古靈長(zhǎng)目物種大約只有2.6盎司(75克)重,其纖小的體型與侏儒狐猴非常相似,。理查德說(shuō),“我們從牙齒化石可以推斷這種遠(yuǎn)古物種很可能主要是食蟲(chóng)性動(dòng)物,,它們吃大量的昆蟲(chóng)。”據(jù)了解,,這項(xiàng)最新研究是由印度政府科學(xué)技術(shù)部、美國(guó)杜克大學(xué)和美國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)資助進(jìn)行的,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PNAS,doi: 10.1073/pnas.0804159105,,Sunil Bajpai,,Richard F. Kay
The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea
Sunil Bajpai*, Richard F. Kay†,‡, Blythe A. Williams‡, Debasis P. Das*, Vivesh V. Kapur§, and B. N. Tiwari¶
+Author Affiliations
*Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247 667, India;
‡Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708;
§2815 Sector 40-C Chandigarh, India; and
¶Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, 248001, India
Edited by Alan Walker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved June 19, 2008 (received for review May 2, 2008)
Abstract
Undisputed anthropoids appear in the fossil record of Africa and Asia by the middle Eocene, about 45 Ma. Here, we report the discovery of an early Eocene eosimiid anthropoid primate from India, named Anthrasimias, that extends the Asian fossil record of anthropoids by 9–10 million years. A phylogenetic analysis of 75 taxa and 343 characters of the skull, postcranium, and dentition of Anthrasimias and living and fossil primates indicates the basal placement of Anthrasimias among eosimiids, confirms the anthropoid status of Eosimiidae, and suggests that crown haplorhines (tarsiers and monkeys) are the sister clade of Omomyoidea of the Eocene, not nested within an omomyoid clade. Co-occurence of Anthropoidea, Omomyoidea, and Adapoidea makes it evident that peninsular India was an important center for the diversification of primates of modern aspect (euprimates) in the early Eocene. Adaptive reconstructions indicate that early anthropoids were mouse–lemur-sized (≈75 grams) and consumed a mixed diet of fruit and insects. Eosimiids bear little adaptive resemblance to later Eocene-early Oligocene African Anthropoidea.