據(jù)4月10日的《科學(xué)》雜志報(bào)道說,,人們對飛行能力非常羨慕,。飛行的才能使得許多動(dòng)物能夠經(jīng)由空氣來旅行,,但有關(guān)動(dòng)物的這種特殊的靈動(dòng)性和穩(wěn)定性的詳情人們卻知之甚少,。 如今,研究人員說,,他們已經(jīng)研發(fā)出了預(yù)測空中旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力學(xué)的框架結(jié)構(gòu),,并能用它來預(yù)測體型大小不同的7種不同種類飛行動(dòng)物的飛行運(yùn)動(dòng)。 這項(xiàng)研究可以幫助我們在未來開發(fā)更為有效的在空中飛行的機(jī)器人,。
Tyson Hedrick及其同僚對多種有翅動(dòng)物(包括昆蟲,、蝙蝠和鳥類)的低速盤旋進(jìn)行了研究。他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,這些動(dòng)物的靈動(dòng)性是通過一種他們稱之為翼動(dòng)反轉(zhuǎn)矩的機(jī)制來完成的,。 從基本上來說,當(dāng)一個(gè)飛行動(dòng)物轉(zhuǎn)行的時(shí)候,,在其翅膀向下劃動(dòng)的時(shí)候,,其外側(cè)翼的翼速度會增加,而在翅膀向上劃動(dòng)的時(shí)候,,其內(nèi)側(cè)翼的翼速度會增加,。 這種不對稱性產(chǎn)生了一種能夠降低動(dòng)物旋轉(zhuǎn)的扭矩。 研究人員捕捉到了這一資訊,,并將其結(jié)合入一個(gè)適合4個(gè)昆蟲物種,、2個(gè)鳥類物種及一個(gè)蝙蝠物種的模型之中,并將該模型與真正動(dòng)物的錄像影片進(jìn)行比較,。 他們發(fā)現(xiàn),,那些幾何學(xué)上類似的動(dòng)物就其撲翼來說會有類似的旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力學(xué),而其旋轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)力學(xué)與動(dòng)物的體型大小沒有關(guān)系,。 例如,,果蠅與蜂鳥都需要有同樣的撲翼數(shù)來完成一次盤旋。研究人員還說,當(dāng)飛行動(dòng)物撲翼速度加快的時(shí)候,,其靈動(dòng)性和穩(wěn)定性也增加了,,而這兩種特性過去被認(rèn)為是互為對立的,。 在一篇Perspective中,,Bret Tobalske對這些發(fā)現(xiàn)以及它們的意義進(jìn)行了更為詳細(xì)的解釋。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Science 10 April 2009:DOI: 10.1126/science.1168431
Wingbeat Time and the Scaling of Passive Rotational Damping in Flapping Flight
Tyson L. Hedrick,1* Bo Cheng,2 Xinyan Deng2*
Flying animals exhibit remarkable capabilities for both generating maneuvers and stabilizing their course and orientation after perturbation. Here we show that flapping fliers ranging in size from fruit flies to large birds benefit from substantial damping of angular velocity through a passive mechanism termed flapping counter-torque (FCT). Our FCT model predicts that isometrically scaled animals experience similar damping on a per-wingbeat time scale, resulting in similar turning dynamics in wingbeat time regardless of body size. The model also shows how animals may simultaneously specialize in both maneuverability and stability (at the cost of efficiency) and provides a framework for linking morphology, wing kinematics, maneuverability, and flight dynamics across a wide range of flying animals spanning insects, bats, and birds.
1 Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.