美國(guó)科學(xué)家最近發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種名為“叢林斜眼褐蝶”的蝴蝶,,這種蝴蝶的雄蝶與雌蝶在求偶過(guò)程中扮演的角色會(huì)因出生季節(jié)不同而改變,。
美國(guó)耶魯大學(xué)的博士后研究員凱思琳·普魯?shù)峡巳涨霸诿绹?guó)《科學(xué)》雜志上發(fā)表了一份研究報(bào)告,首次向人們揭示了叢林斜眼褐蝶由于其幼蟲(chóng)時(shí)期生存環(huán)境的不同會(huì)形成不同的求偶斑紋,。
叢林斜眼褐蝶原產(chǎn)于非洲中部至東南部一帶的沙地森林,,每年可產(chǎn)三至五代。同許多蝴蝶物種一樣,,這種蝴蝶靠揮舞翅膀炫耀翅膀上閃亮的“眼狀斑點(diǎn)”向異性求愛(ài),。然而罕見(jiàn)的是,雄蝶,、雌蝶哪方主動(dòng)求偶是由出生季節(jié)決定的,。
研究報(bào)告稱,出生于濕潤(rùn)季節(jié)的雄蝶通過(guò)揮動(dòng)翅膀讓斑點(diǎn)閃閃發(fā)光來(lái)求偶,。但出生于干燥季節(jié)的雌蝶翅膀上的斑點(diǎn)會(huì)更亮,,轉(zhuǎn)而成為主動(dòng)求愛(ài)者。不過(guò),,人眼看到的雌雄蝴蝶翅膀表面的斑紋非常相似,。
為了了解雌雄蝴蝶這種求偶行為的變化,研究人員在安東尼婭·蒙泰羅博士的帶領(lǐng)下,,從蝴蝶的視覺(jué)角度出發(fā)分析了其求偶的炫耀行為,。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,每只蝴蝶眼狀斑點(diǎn)中心的白色“瞳孔”會(huì)反射不同數(shù)量的紫外線,,而具體的數(shù)量則取決于這只蝴蝶在幼蟲(chóng)時(shí)生活在什么樣的溫度下。
凱思琳·普魯?shù)峡私忉屨f(shuō),,溫度涼爽時(shí)雌性翅膀上斑紋反射出的紫外線會(huì)增加,,而較暖和時(shí)雄性反射的紫外線則會(huì)增加,。由于紫外線不在人眼的可見(jiàn)范圍內(nèi),所以人眼看不到這些變化,,但蝴蝶可以看見(jiàn)紫外線,,所以出生于干燥季節(jié)的雌蝶會(huì)形成更“引蝶注目”的眼狀斑點(diǎn),從而能夠吸引雄蝶進(jìn)行交配,。因此,,在條件惡劣的干燥季節(jié),雌蝶可能會(huì)主動(dòng)求偶,,使蝴蝶家族得以生存下去,。
研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn),出生于干燥季節(jié)的雌蝶求偶表現(xiàn)活躍,,交配的次數(shù)增加,,所以它們存活的時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)。這也證實(shí)了以前一些研究的觀點(diǎn):雌蝶通過(guò)交配獲得了雄蝶的精液及其中的各種營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),。 (生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1197114
Developmental Plasticity in Sexual Roles of Butterfly Species Drives Mutual Sexual Ornamentation
Kathleen L. Prudic1,2,*, Cheonha Jeon3, Hui Cao4 and Antónia Monteiro1,5,*
Abstract
Current explanations for why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes include genetic correlation, same sex competition, and mutual mate choice. In this study, we report developmental plasticity in mating behavior as induced by temperature during development in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Males and females reciprocally change their sexual roles depending on their larval rearing temperatures. This switch is correlated with a change in mating benefits to females and costs to males. The discrete seasonal environments, wet season and dry season, are known to produce the two developmental forms and as a consequence impose alternating, symmetrical patterns of sexual selection, one season on male ornaments, the following season on female ornaments. Thus, reciprocal selection through time may result in mutual sexual ornamentation.