園丁鳥可以模仿多種聲音。澳大利亞研究人員研究發(fā)現(xiàn),,這一本領(lǐng)可能因為鳥兒緊張,。
園丁鳥生活在澳大利亞和新幾內(nèi)亞,一大特征是雄鳥常用草,、小枝和色彩艷麗的材料建成大而精致的鳥窩以吸引雌鳥,。
除掌握一手筑巢絕技,園丁鳥還“口技”出眾,,最多可以模仿15種聲音,。
人們先前認為,,這種鳥經(jīng)常模仿一些猛禽的叫聲,以嚇退敵人,。但澳大利亞迪金大學(xué)研究員勞拉·凱莉等學(xué)者在昆士蘭省中部收錄雄性斑點園丁鳥叫聲后發(fā)現(xiàn),,猛禽叫聲在模仿聲音中只占20%。
凱莉說,,園丁鳥發(fā)出的模仿聲音中主要是鳥之間爭斗時發(fā)出的聲音,,以及受到猛禽或其他威脅時發(fā)出的叫聲,。
園丁鳥甚至能模仿人的聲音。凱莉記錄到它模仿一個人呼喚一只名叫“邦尼”的貓,。
凱莉在最新一期德國《自然科學(xué)》(Naturwissenschaften)雜志發(fā)表研究報告說,,鳴禽學(xué)舌現(xiàn)象并不罕見,但對形成這一現(xiàn)象的原因了解得不多,。
她認為,,棲息環(huán)境或許與這一現(xiàn)象相關(guān)。斑點園丁鳥模仿的聲音大多是鳥處于領(lǐng)地遭侵犯等緊張狀態(tài)下發(fā)出的聲音,。
“壓力已經(jīng)被證明在很多時候可以提高學(xué)習(xí)能力和記憶力,”凱莉說,,“我們推測園丁鳥初次聽到那些聲音時處于緊張環(huán)境,,使它學(xué)會那些聲音,日后受到壓力時會模仿出這種聲音,。”
凱莉說,一些其他種類的鳥同樣可以模仿示警聲音,,或許同樣可以用“高度緊張狀態(tài)下可以提高學(xué)習(xí)能力”來解釋,。
英國劍橋大學(xué)研究員湯姆·弗勞爾發(fā)現(xiàn)燕卷尾可以模仿其他幾種鳥的示警聲音,,但原因似乎與斑點園丁鳥不同,。
這種鳥會跟隨貓鼬,,當貓鼬找到食物時,燕卷尾就模仿其他鳥發(fā)現(xiàn)捕食動物時發(fā)出的示警聲,,好像真的有捕食動物,,嚇走貓鼬,然后去偷貓鼬留下的食物,。
弗勞爾說,,為不讓貓鼬發(fā)覺受騙,燕卷尾時常模仿不同鳥的示警聲音,,甚至模仿貓鼬的示警聲音,。
凱莉說,弗勞爾對燕卷尾的研究首次證明鳥可以靠模仿示警聲覓食,。
她說:“鳴禽中大約20%會模仿聲音,,但是我們對許多鳥這樣做的功能知之甚少。”
她稱贊弗勞爾的發(fā)現(xiàn)是“拼圖中關(guān)鍵一塊”,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Naturwissenschaften DOI: 10.1007/s00114-011-0794-z
Original PaperThe mimetic repertoire of the spotted bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus maculatus
Laura A. Kelley and Susan D. Healy
Although vocal mimicry in songbirds is well documented, little is known about the function of such mimicry. One possibilityis that the mimic produces the vocalisations of predatory or aggressive species to deter potential predators or competitors.Alternatively, these sounds may be learned in error as a result of their acoustic properties such as structural simplicity.We determined the mimetic repertoires of a population of male spotted bowerbirds Ptilonorhynchus maculatus, a species that mimics predatory and aggressive species. Although male mimetic repertoires contained an overabundance ofvocalisations produced by species that were generally aggressive, there was also a marked prevalence of mimicry of soundsthat are associated with alarm such as predator calls, alarm calls and mobbing calls, irrespective of whether the speciesbeing mimicked was aggressive or not. We propose that it may be the alarming context in which these sounds are first heardthat may lead both to their acquisition and to their later reproduction. We suggest that enhanced learning capability duringacute stress may explain vocal mimicry in many species that mimic sounds associated with alarm.