6月9日,在最新一期的《公共科學(xué)圖書館—遺傳學(xué)》(PLoS Genetics)上,,來自中國科學(xué)院北京基因組研究所的吳仲義研究員和中山大學(xué)施蘇華教授發(fā)表了合作研究文章《水稻基因組兩種進(jìn)化歷史:馴化基因的角色》(Two Evolutionary Histories in the Genome of Rice: the Roles of Domestication Genes),,揭開了兩種家養(yǎng)稻起源進(jìn)化的重要篇章,。
水稻是最重要的糧食作物之一,供養(yǎng)著超過三分之一的世界人口,。在我國及周邊很多亞洲國家,,水稻是關(guān)乎國家民生大計(jì)的重要命脈,。而目前,家養(yǎng)稻共分為粳稻和秈稻兩種品系,。粳稻主要生長分布于中國北部,、日本、韓國等高緯度地區(qū),。而秈稻主要生長分布在中國南部,、東南亞、印度等低緯度地區(qū),。水稻是人類從打獵采集的生活狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)到農(nóng)業(yè)栽種的過程中,,被人類馴化培育的重要植物物種。兩種家養(yǎng)水稻的起源和演化,,一直是進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家,、歷史學(xué)家和考古學(xué)家所關(guān)心的熱點(diǎn)問題。
通過分子生物學(xué)和形態(tài)學(xué)的研究,,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,,兩種家養(yǎng)稻是獨(dú)立起源的。它們分別由不同地區(qū)的不同人群,,在不同地點(diǎn)馴化而成,。而另有學(xué)者則持不同觀點(diǎn),他們認(rèn)為,,兩種家養(yǎng)稻是一次起源的,,它們的存在只是馴化后物種適應(yīng)不同的地理環(huán)境的結(jié)果。兩派學(xué)者各持證據(jù),,一直以來未有定論,。
利用新一代的測序技術(shù),基因組所及中山大學(xué)研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,水稻全基因組絕大多數(shù)基因都支持了其獨(dú)立起源的歷史,,兩種家養(yǎng)稻似乎都是從野生群體里獨(dú)立培育出來的。然而,,當(dāng)研究人員分析那些受過人工選擇的重要基因區(qū)段時(shí)卻發(fā)現(xiàn),,兩種家養(yǎng)稻的基因及其類似很多重要的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀看起來是一次起源的。
研究者認(rèn)為,,當(dāng)一種重要的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀在一種家養(yǎng)稻中出現(xiàn)時(shí),,古代育種專家就通過雜交,把相對應(yīng)的基因區(qū)段,,“借鑒“或”拷貝”到另外一個(gè)物種里,,從而使得另外一個(gè)品種也具備了人們所想要的表型(例如,種子不容易落粒等)。古代人們的這種相互“克隆”和“盜版”,,勾畫了人類重要農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀基因的演化歷程,。該研究結(jié)果,在支持學(xué)界的兩種理論的同時(shí),,也統(tǒng)一了上述兩種假說,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
PLoS Genetics DOI:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002100
Two Evolutionary Histories in the Genome of Rice: the Roles of Domestication Genes
Ziwen He, Weiwei Zhai, Haijun Wen, Tian Tang, Yu Wang, Xuemei Lu, Anthony J. Greenberg, Richard R. Hudson, Chung-I Wu, Suhua Shi
Genealogical patterns in different genomic regions may be different due to the joint influence of gene flow and selection. The existence of two subspecies of cultivated rice provides a unique opportunity for analyzing these effects during domestication. We chose 66 accessions from the three rice taxa (about 22 each from Oryza sativa indica, O. sativa japonica, and O. rufipogon) for whole-genome sequencing. In the search for the signature of selection, we focus on low diversity regions (LDRs) shared by both cultivars. We found that the genealogical histories of these overlapping LDRs are distinct from the genomic background. While indica and japonica genomes generally appear to be of independent origin, many overlapping LDRs may have originated only once, as a result of selection and subsequent introgression. Interestingly, many such LDRs contain only one candidate gene of rice domestication, and several known domestication genes have indeed been “rediscovered” by this approach. In summary, we identified 13 additional candidate genes of domestication.