新的一項研究認為阿德利企鵝和帝企鵝視力并非如此前認為的那樣有問題,,它們一到天黑就選擇上岸,,是為了躲避捕食者虎鯨和海豹,。
就像每日往返上班者一樣,,阿德利企鵝和帝企鵝日出而作,,在南極水域捕食磷蝦和魚類,,在天黑的時候返回岸邊的家中,。然而它們所喜愛的食物都是在天黑之后才更容易捕捉。大多研究者都認為企鵝在夜間視力不好,,所以在天黑后它們選擇遠離水域,。
但是在一項最新研究中,兩位海洋生態(tài)學家指出,,企鵝并非存在夜間視力差的問題,。他們說,,企鵝晚上趕回岸邊是因為擔心被海豹或虎鯨吃掉。即便是它們的遷移規(guī)律——從食物豐富的南部海域遷至邊際地帶——也很可能是因為害怕被捕食所致,。“它們會情愿餓著肚子,,也不愿被吃掉”,此項研究的領頭作家,,DavidAinley這樣說,。他是來自加州一家生態(tài)咨詢公司的海洋生態(tài)學家。
為了證明企鵝能夠在夜間看見,,Ainley和他的同事Grant Ballard,,一名來自加州保護組織的海洋生態(tài)學家,一起放出了65只身上帶有記錄時間和深度裝置的阿德利企鵝,。這種可以每秒鐘記錄深度和光線的裝置被固定在企鵝的背上,,以將阻力減到最小。從兩萬余只鳥的身上采集到的數據發(fā)現(xiàn),,它們潛水捕食大多深入到水下50-100米,,那里已經相當暗了,像上半夜一樣,。還有相當一部分的鳥下潛到更深更暗的水域,,在那里,它們能夠享受到更多的食物,。
盡管這兩位研究者尚未從帝企鵝身上獲得類似數據,,其他科學家已經發(fā)現(xiàn),其實企鵝可以潛地更深,,深至水下500米,,而且“在那個深度,幾乎一切都是黑的,。”Ainley這樣說,。
那么,為什么企鵝不在晚上捕食呢,?
Ainley和Ballard指出:海豹會定期地殺死這兩種企鵝,,然而,海豹習慣在白天休息,,這就使得企鵝在這段時間的捕食變得安全,。盡管如此,企鵝也十分謹慎:它們僅僅在捕食時才呆在水下,;一旦意識到冰面很薄或是附近出現(xiàn)海豹,,它們就會緊緊地趴在冰面上,一動不動,。在南極洲的玫瑰島,,阿德利企鵝居住在島的最遠端,,它們情愿選擇走5公里的路回家也不愿下水游回去。盡管游泳會快得多,。
虎鯨也是一個大問題,。盡管沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)虎鯨捕食阿德利企鵝或是帝企鵝,研究者依然懷疑虎鯨會這么做,。因為在南極和亞南極區(qū)域,,它們已經發(fā)現(xiàn)逆戟鯨捕食其他種類的企鵝。更何況,,帝企鵝的居住地經常會有逆戟鯨的出沒,。
Ainley和Ballard在本周出版的《極地生物學》中指出,害怕被捕食已經影響到企鵝的日?;顒?,甚至它們的遷徙規(guī)律。幼年和成年帝企鵝會在南極洲的夏季末離開它們現(xiàn)金居住地,。但是并非是遷往最近最豐富的水域,,它們游向了更遠更貧瘠的北方水域。其他的研究者指出,,在這樣的旅途中,,20%-30%的非成年企鵝會被吃掉。
“雖然我們沒有證據,,但顯然虎鯨會跟著它們,。”Ainley說。同樣道理,,阿德利企鵝在南極的冬季會遷往北部,,大概是因為它們不愿處于極夜中的南部,這時候想發(fā)現(xiàn)隱藏在暗中的捕食者會更難,。
“他們對企鵝這個看起來很奇怪的行為提供了一個有說服力的論斷”,來自西雅圖華盛頓大學的行為生態(tài)學家Aaron Wirsing這樣說,。“這是另一個恰當的例子來說明自然界廣為存在中的生態(tài)威脅”William Ripple補充道,。他是來自俄勒岡州立大學的生態(tài)學家,主要研究黃石國家公園中灰狼的重新引入對麋鹿數量的影響,。他說:“捕食者,,和它們所建立的恐懼,是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)形成的重要因素”,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Polar Biology DOI: 10.1007/s003000050308
Diet and foraging effort of Adélie penguins in relation to pack-ice conditions in the southern Ross Sea
David G. Ainley, Peter R. Wilson, Kerry J. Barton, Grant Ballard, Nadav Nur and Brian Karl
Abstract
We investigated the diet and aspects of foraging effort among Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) breeding at three colonies on Ross Island, in the southwestern Ross Sea – Capes Royds, Bird and Crozier – during the chick-provisioning period of three austral summers, 1994–1995, 1995–1996 and 1996–1997. During the study period, pack-ice cover differed in waters offshore of these colonies, by colony, seasons and year. Diet differed among colonies only slightly. The fish Pleuragramma antarcticum was the most important prey, especially during years or periods within years when little pack ice was present. With respect to krill, which composed the remainder of diet, juvenile Euphausia crystallorophias were consumed predominantly in a year of heavy pack-ice cover; more adult krill were consumed in 2 years when pack ice was sparse. Foraging trip duration differed by colony, season and year and was related directly to distance from the colony to the nearest pack ice. The amount of food brought to chicks increased as trip duration increased, to a point (2 days), but then decreased as duration increased further (up to 4 days). On the basis of data on mass of parents and of meal sizes to chicks, it appeared that on the longest trips more of the food gathered by parents was used for self maintenance; on the longest trips, parents lost body mass. Successful foraging during chick rearing, the period when adult foraging is most intense, appears to depend on the proximity of pack ice to nesting colonies for this penguin species.