通常情況下,,動植物在進(jìn)化過程中,都是快速地向各種可能性進(jìn)行嘗試,。來自布里斯托爾大學(xué)的Katy研究發(fā)現(xiàn):翼龍的進(jìn)化過程與眾不同,,在其1.6億年的生命史中,它們變得越來越特化,。翼龍是地史上最早的飛翔動物,,它的出現(xiàn)早于始祖鳥5000萬年。翼龍非常擅長飛翔,,然而令人驚奇的是,,直到鳥類出現(xiàn),翼龍才開始它們真正的進(jìn)化過程,。
圖:翼龍飛翔復(fù)原圖
Katy和他的導(dǎo)師共同對50只大小各異的翼龍化石進(jìn)行了研究,,它們中最小的約有黑鳥(blackbird)大小,,而最大的風(fēng)神翼龍(Quetzalcoatlus)翼幅甚至可達(dá)12米,,是現(xiàn)生最大鳥類信天翁的四倍。他們對翼龍的來源與發(fā)展過程進(jìn)行了追蹤,,并詳細(xì)記錄了它們的身體形態(tài)與適應(yīng)特征,。
研究結(jié)果顯示,翼龍在頭7000萬年內(nèi)一直處于穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),,之后才開始嘗試各種生活方式,。當(dāng)鳥類出現(xiàn)并繁盛后,翼龍并沒有像普遍認(rèn)為的那樣走向滅絕,,而是進(jìn)化為擁有新生活方式的大型飛翔者,。對不同食源的適應(yīng)使得翼龍出現(xiàn)了新生活方式,這體現(xiàn)在其頭骨特征上,,有的種類甚至因此喪失了牙齒,。身體其余部分也顯示出因種類而異的適應(yīng)特征。翼龍在1.25億年前達(dá)到鼎盛,,此時正是鳥類開始分異的時候,。翼龍在早白堊世因適應(yīng)而產(chǎn)生的體征差異性是侏羅紀(jì)時的三倍。
此后翼龍逐漸衰退,,直到在6500萬年前的大滅絕事件中同恐龍一同消失,。翼龍與鳥類共享著天空,它們各自擁有不同的生態(tài)空間,,繼而避免了沖突的發(fā)生,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
Journal of Evolutionary Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01284.x
Cope's Rule in the Pterosauria, and differing perceptions of Cope's Rule at different taxonomic levels
D. W. E. HONE, M. J. BENTON
The remarkable extinct flying reptiles, the pterosaurs, show increasing body size over 100 million years of the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, and this seems to be a rare example of a driven trend to large size (Cope's Rule). The size increases continue throughout the long time span, and small forms disappear as larger pterosaurs evolve. Mean wingspan increases through time. Examining for Cope's Rule at a variety of taxonomic levels reveals varying trends within the Pterosauria as a whole, as pterodactyloid pterosaurs increase in size at all levels of examination, but rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs show both size increase and size decrease in different analyses. These results suggest that analyses testing for Cope's Rule at a single taxonomic level may give misleading results.