關(guān)于全球二氧化碳排放量增加的影響,,許多科學(xué)家的關(guān)注點(diǎn)落在全球氣候變暖及隨之而來(lái)的海平面上升方面。據(jù)美國(guó)物理學(xué)家組織網(wǎng)近日?qǐng)?bào)道,,斯坦福大學(xué)的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),,二氧化碳含量的日益增長(zhǎng),,還可能導(dǎo)致海水酸性增大,,從而改變水下的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。該研究發(fā)表在美國(guó)《國(guó)家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS),。
研究者選取了靠近伊斯基亞島,、意大利的海水為研究對(duì)象。這些海域的淺水層中位于地中海板塊上的火山口,,大量的二氧化碳由此噴出,,并以該地為中心形成一個(gè)海水化學(xué)梯度,越靠近噴發(fā)口,,酸性越大,。
研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),,不同的物種對(duì)酸性日增的海水反應(yīng)不一,有的反而興盛起來(lái),,如無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物會(huì)沿著從酸性濃度最大的噴發(fā)口到方圓200米開(kāi)外的酸性分布帶形成棲息區(qū),,但整體而言生物群落的前景堪憂(yōu)。
由碳酸鈣構(gòu)成殼體的生物體首當(dāng)其沖,,它們的殼體會(huì)在酸性水域中被消解掉,。蝸牛、蛤蚌,、貽貝和扇貝在極酸的水域未見(jiàn)蹤影;生活在附著于巖石的碳酸鈣導(dǎo)管中的小蟹類(lèi),、海膽,、基圍蝦也消失不見(jiàn);在酸度比周?chē)蜻m度高些的中間地帶,,一些蠕蟲(chóng)也難覓蹤跡,。而且,從一個(gè)水域到另一個(gè)水域,,變化更加明顯,,在酸性最強(qiáng)的地方,即使相距一米,,變化也非常顯著,。
這毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)會(huì)影響到整個(gè)海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。即使較小的生物體能日漸豐富,,但群落的總體生物量因?yàn)檩^大型生物的缺失而減少了,。這一方面可能減少食物鏈中更高一級(jí)的生物體的食物供給量,另一方面也可能導(dǎo)致生物群落里的生物多樣性減少,。能夠存活并壯大的生物體多為廣食性物種,,而一些專(zhuān)食性物種在這種極高酸性區(qū)域會(huì)減少。
同時(shí),,由于生物多樣性的減少,,每個(gè)物種會(huì)以不同比例在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中扮演更為重要的角色,任何一個(gè)物種的變化,,都可能對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成重要影響,,如降低其穩(wěn)定性等。
研究者還稱(chēng),,在近岸海域,,由于上升流會(huì)把強(qiáng)酸性的海水從深海帶到表層,以及生物進(jìn)程如藻類(lèi)經(jīng)光合作用從水中吸收二氧化碳,、動(dòng)物經(jīng)呼吸作用釋放二氧化碳等,,海水的pH值會(huì)發(fā)生急劇變化,。這預(yù)示著不僅近岸海域的生物體會(huì)遭受影響,依賴(lài)這片海域的生物為生的人們也會(huì)受到影響,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1107789108
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Divergent ecosystem responses within a benthic marine community to ocean acidification
Kroeker, Kristy J.; Micheli, Fiorenza; Gambi, Maria Cristina; Martz, Todd R.
Ocean acidification is predicted to impact all areas of the oceans and affect a diversity of marine organisms. However, the diversity of responses among species prevents clear predictions about the impact of acidification at the ecosystem level. Here, we used shallow water CO2 vents in the Mediterranean Sea as a model system to examine emergent ecosystem responses to ocean acidification in rocky reef communities. We assessed in situ benthic invertebrate communities in three distinct pH zones (ambient, low, and extreme low), which differed in both the mean and variability of seawater pH along a continuous gradient. We found fewer taxa, reduced taxonomic evenness, and lower biomass in the extreme low pH zones. However, the number of individuals did not differ among pH zones, suggesting that there is density compensation through population blooms of small acidification-tolerant taxa. Furthermore, the trophic structure of the invertebrate community shifted to fewer trophic groups and dominance by generalists in extreme low pH, suggesting that there may be a simplification of food webs with ocean acidification. Despite high variation in individual species’ responses, our findings indicate that ocean acidification decreases the diversity, biomass, and trophic complexity of benthic marine communities. These results suggest that a loss of biodiversity and ecosystem function is expected under extreme acidification scenarios.