日本東京大學(xué)一個(gè)研究小組在最新一期英國(guó)在線期刊《自然—通訊》上發(fā)表論文說(shuō),,地球大氣中的氧氣大量形成于約23億年前,那時(shí)冰河期結(jié)束,,地球逐漸變暖,,光合成生物大量繁殖,最終形成含氧的大氣,。
現(xiàn)有學(xué)說(shuō)認(rèn)為,,地球大氣中的氧來(lái)源于生命的光合作用,目前約占大氣20%的氧氣并不是在地球46億年的歷史長(zhǎng)河中逐漸增加的,,而是在距今約24億年前到20億年前之間急劇增加的,,在那之前氧氣幾乎不存在。但是,,科學(xué)家們一直沒(méi)有弄清氧氣劇增的詳細(xì)年代和增加的原因,。
東京大學(xué)講師關(guān)根康人率領(lǐng)的研究小組,2008年調(diào)查了加拿大安大略省距今約22億年至24.5億年前的海底地層,,調(diào)查其中鋨元素的濃度,。
鉑族元素鋨存在于陸地的巖石中,當(dāng)大氣中氧氣濃度高的時(shí)候,,鋨會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡x子,,從而易溶于水,再被河流帶到海洋,,沉積在海底的地層中,。
調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,約23億年前的大規(guī)模冰河期地層和此后的溫暖期地層交界處,,鋨的濃度急劇上升,。研究人員認(rèn)為,這是由于冰河期后,,地球變暖,,冰塊融化,地表的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分被帶到海中,,在海中進(jìn)行光合作用的特殊細(xì)菌得以大量繁殖,,從而使氧氣爆發(fā)性增加。
研究小組還發(fā)現(xiàn),,光合作用導(dǎo)致氧氣增加并非只有一次,,約22億年前,另一個(gè)冰河期結(jié)束的時(shí)候,,又出現(xiàn)了氧氣的爆發(fā)性增加,。
關(guān)根康人表示:“氣候變動(dòng)與生命進(jìn)化密切相關(guān)。如果能夠弄清其中的機(jī)制,那么今后有望根據(jù)這個(gè)線索在太陽(yáng)系外尋找第二個(gè)地球,。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/ncomms1507
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Osmium evidence for synchronicity between a rise in atmospheric oxygen and Palaeoproterozoic deglaciation
Yasuhito Sekine,Katsuhiko Suzuki, Ryoko Senda, Kosuke T. Goto,Eiichi Tajika,Ryuji Tada,Kazuhisa Goto, Shinji Yamamoto,Naohiko Ohkouchi, Nanako O. Ogawa & Teruyuki Maruoka
Early Palaeoproterozoic (2.5–2.0 billion years ago) was a critical phase in Earth's history, characterized by multiple severe glaciations and a rise in atmospheric O2 (the Great Oxidation Event). Although glaciations occurred at the time of O2 increase, the relationship between climatic and atmospheric transitions remains poorly understood. Here we report high concentrations of the redox-sensitive element Os with high initial 187Os/188Os values in a sandstone–siltstone interval that spans the transition from glacial diamictite to overlying carbonate in the Huronian Supergroup, Canada. Together with the results of Re, Mo and S analyses of the sediments, we suggest that immediately after the second Palaeoproterozoic glaciation, atmospheric O2 levels became sufficiently high to deliver radiogenic continental Os to shallow-marine environments, indicating the synchronicity of an episode of increasing O2 and deglaciation. This result supports the hypothesis that climatic recovery from the glaciations acted to accelerate the Great Oxidation Event.