近日,國際著名雜志PLoS One在線刊登了諾丁漢大學(xué)研究人員的最新研究成果“Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan,”,,文章中,,作者揭示史前人類的群居生活。
約旦沙漠的史前建筑的發(fā)現(xiàn)為揭示人類在兩萬年前如何生活提供了新的證據(jù),。
諾丁漢大學(xué)研究人員參與的考古小組在約旦東部發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)古木屋結(jié)構(gòu)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,該地區(qū)一度被占領(lǐng),,其建造物可以追溯到兩萬年前,大大早于我們所知的建筑的起源時(shí)間,。
這支考古小組的成員來自英國,,丹麥,美國和約旦,。其描述了狩獵者們長期使用的家庭木屋,,并且許多行為都與后來的文化和社區(qū)相關(guān),例如與特定地區(qū)的聯(lián)系和向外擴(kuò)張的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò),,都比之前認(rèn)為的還要早一萬年,。
諾丁漢大學(xué)地理學(xué)家Matt Jones博士和倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的同行們提出,盡管今天該地區(qū)是不同于以往的干旱和貧瘠,,約旦在最后的冰河期鮮花盛開,,小溪潺潺,季節(jié)性的湖泊和池塘為狩獵者提供了豐富的定居環(huán)境,。
Jones博士說:“很難想象兩萬年前人們在這個(gè)如今如此干燥和荒涼的地方大規(guī)模地群居,。我們所發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)顯示,重要的資源,,比方說水,,對于早期的人類來說是一應(yīng)俱全。”
考古學(xué)家們利用從英國藝術(shù)和人文科學(xué)研究理事會(huì)申請到的贊助,,花費(fèi)三個(gè)月時(shí)間在占地兩公頃的大型露天遺址進(jìn)行挖掘工作,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了成千上萬的石器,動(dòng)物尸骨和kharaneh四世遺址的出土文物,。在遺址的大小和密度的基礎(chǔ)上,,研究人員早前認(rèn)為這是眾多的人長時(shí)間頻繁造訪的結(jié)果,,而現(xiàn)在這些最新的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了他們的理論。
到現(xiàn)在為止,,考古小組已經(jīng)出土了兩間約兩到三米長,,用刷木構(gòu)造的小屋。其余幾間還被埋在沙漠下,。放射性碳測年估計(jì)這些小屋有著18,,600到19,300年的歷史,。雖然考古學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)地區(qū)最古老的小屋-在1989年加利利海岸邊出土的23,,000年前的土屋,他們相信在Kharaneh IV遺址的出土文物也同樣有著重要的價(jià)值,。
在木屋里,,考古學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了故意燒毀的羚羊角內(nèi)核,赭紅色顏料和從250公里外的地中海和紅海沖刷來的貝殼珠,。這表明當(dāng)時(shí)人們與當(dāng)?shù)赜兄o密的互動(dòng)并進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)距離的物物交換,。其他考古發(fā)現(xiàn)還包括刻有規(guī)律陰刻線的骨頭,有幾何雕刻圖案的石灰石,,甚至還有證明當(dāng)時(shí)人類在此地區(qū)埋葬過世的人的證據(jù),。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031447
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Twenty Thousand-Year-Old Huts at a Hunter-Gatherer Settlement in Eastern Jordan
Lisa A. Maher1*, Tobias Richter2, Danielle Macdonald3, Matthew D. Jones4, Louise Martin5, Jay T. Stock6
Ten thousand years before Neolithic farmers settled in permanent villages, hunter-gatherer groups of the Epipalaeolithic period (c. 22–11,600 cal BP) inhabited much of southwest Asia. The latest Epipalaeolithic phase (Natufian) is well-known for the appearance of stone-built houses, complex site organization, a sedentary lifestyle and social complexity—precursors for a Neolithic way of life. In contrast, pre-Natufian sites are much less well known and generally considered as campsites for small groups of seasonally-mobile hunter-gatherers. Work at the Early and Middle Epipalaeolithic aggregation site of Kharaneh IV in eastern Jordan highlights that some of these earlier sites were large aggregation base camps not unlike those of the Natufian and contributes to ongoing debates on their duration of occupation. Here we discuss the excavation of two 20,000-year-old hut structures at Kharaneh IV that pre-date the renowned stone houses of the Natufian. Exceptionally dense and extensive occupational deposits exhibit repeated habitation over prolonged periods, and contain structural remains associated with exotic and potentially symbolic caches of objects (shell, red ochre, and burnt horn cores) that indicate substantial settlement of the site pre-dating the Natufian and outside of the Natufian homeland as currently understood.