作為攜帶病毒的載體,跳蚤因曾經(jīng)幾次導(dǎo)致人類(lèi)大量死亡而臭名昭著,。首都師范大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院博士高太平等發(fā)現(xiàn)了來(lái)自中生代的原始跳蚤化石,,并推測(cè)其可能寄生在當(dāng)時(shí)的有羽恐龍,、翼龍或中型哺乳動(dòng)物身上,。3月22日,美國(guó)《當(dāng)代生物學(xué)》雜志在線發(fā)表了這一研究成果,。
從整體上看,,原始跳蚤與現(xiàn)生跳蚤非常相似,但體形卻是現(xiàn)生跳蚤的10倍左右,;喙特別發(fā)達(dá),,長(zhǎng)度達(dá)5.15毫米,在電鏡下能看到成排的鋸齒結(jié)構(gòu),;觸角較短,,復(fù)眼略微退化,;足細(xì)長(zhǎng),,其末端前跗節(jié)上有很鋒利的爪,脛節(jié)上有一排整齊粗壯的刺,;全身布滿(mǎn)了向后伸長(zhǎng)的毛,。這些結(jié)構(gòu)為其寄生生活奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
基于這些特征,,研究人員建立了一個(gè)新科——似蚤科(Pseudopulicidae),,描述了兩個(gè)新種——侏羅似蚤(P.jurassicus)和巨大似蚤(P.magnus)。
“它們與現(xiàn)生跳蚤的關(guān)系非常緊密,,可能是蚤目的祖先類(lèi)群,。”高太平說(shuō),“與現(xiàn)生跳蚤比較,,這些巨型的外寄生昆蟲(chóng)看上去極為兇殘,。”
對(duì)比當(dāng)時(shí)那些像老鼠一樣?jì)尚〈嗳醯牟溉閯?dòng)物,研究人員認(rèn)為,,原始跳蚤更可能寄生在有羽恐龍和有羽翼龍身上,。而在后期的演化過(guò)程中,白堊紀(jì)后期哺乳動(dòng)物的大量出現(xiàn),,才逐漸轉(zhuǎn)移到哺乳動(dòng)物身上,,從而也引起了自身的一系列結(jié)構(gòu)變化,比如體形變小,、長(zhǎng)喙變短,、頭部更加特化等等。
據(jù)了解,,中生代體外寄生昆蟲(chóng)化石極為稀少,,分類(lèi)地位也比較模糊,研究工作長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)處于停頓狀態(tài),。此次描述并命名的兩塊昆蟲(chóng)化石來(lái)自我國(guó)東北地區(qū)中侏羅世和早白堊世地層,,保存非常完整,,在近20余萬(wàn)件化石中僅發(fā)現(xiàn)了2塊。上述工作對(duì)了解最古老的外寄生昆蟲(chóng)和寄主的關(guān)系具有極其重要的意義,。
2月29日,,中科院南京地質(zhì)古生物研究所研究員黃迪穎等在英國(guó)《自然》雜志發(fā)表了對(duì)3類(lèi)未命名巨型跳蚤類(lèi)群的相關(guān)研究。“在不到一個(gè)月的時(shí)間內(nèi),,由中科院和我校兩個(gè)不同的科研團(tuán)隊(duì)各自發(fā)表兩篇有關(guān)原始跳蚤的論文,,反映了這項(xiàng)研究工作的重要性及人們的關(guān)注程度。”論文責(zé)任作者,、首師大教授任東表示,。(生物谷 bioon.com)
doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.012
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Mid-Mesozoic Flea-like Ectoparasites of Feathered or Haired Vertebrates
Tai-ping Gao,Chung-kun Shih, Xing Xu, Shuo Wang,Dong Ren
Parasite-host associations among insects and mammals or birds are well attended by neontological studies [1]. An Eocene bird louse compression fossil [ [2] and [3]] and several flea specimens from Eocene and Oligocene ambers [ [4], [5], [6], [7] and [8]], reported to date, are exceptionally similar to living louse and flea taxa. But the origin, morphology, and early evolution of parasites and their associations with hosts are poorly known [ [9] and [10]] due to sparse records of putative ectoparasites with uncertain classification in the Mesozoic, most lacking mouthpart information and other critical details of the head morphology [ [11], [12], [13], [14] and [15]]. Here we present two primitive flea-like species assigned to the Pseudopulicidae Gao, Shih et Ren familia nova (fam. nov.), Pseudopulex jurassicus Gao, Shih et Ren genus novum et species nova (gen. et sp. nov) from the Middle Jurassic [16] and P. magnus Gao, Shih et Ren sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous in China [17]. They exhibit many features of ectoparasitic insects. Large body size and long serrated stylets for piercing tough and thick skin or hides of hosts suggest that these primitive ectoparasites might have lived on and sucked the blood of relatively large hosts, such as contemporaneous feathered dinosaurs and/or pterosaurs or medium-sized mammals (found in the Early Cretaceous, but not the Middle Jurassic).