據(jù)物理學(xué)家組織網(wǎng)8月4日?qǐng)?bào)道,海洋覆蓋了地球表面的71%,,但我們對(duì)氣候變化影響海洋生物棲息地的認(rèn)知滯后于陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng),。加州大學(xué)圣塔芭芭拉市美國(guó)國(guó)家生態(tài)分析與合成中心(NCEAS)的一個(gè)國(guó)際研究團(tuán)隊(duì)通過(guò)分析全球氣候變化對(duì)海洋系統(tǒng)的影響后發(fā)現(xiàn),海洋物種正在向兩極轉(zhuǎn)移其地理分布,,并且要比基于陸地的同伴速度快很多,。
這項(xiàng)為期三年的研究顯示,海洋變暖正在造成海洋物種改變養(yǎng)殖,、喂養(yǎng)和遷移時(shí)間,,以及聚居地的移位。廣泛系統(tǒng)性適度的轉(zhuǎn)移,,如物種的分布和物候現(xiàn)象,,在規(guī)模上堪比或更甚于研究中對(duì)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的觀察。
澳大利亞國(guó)家科學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu),、聯(lián)邦科學(xué)與工業(yè)研究組織(CSIRO),、布里斯班海洋和大氣研究組織的科學(xué)家埃爾韋拉說(shuō):“雖然海水表面溫度比陸地溫度升溫速度慢三倍,,海洋物種分布的前緣或最前線的每10年平均向兩極移動(dòng)72公里(約45英里),大大快于每10年平均向極地移動(dòng)6公里(約4英里)的陸地物種,。”
該份涉及來(lái)自17個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)科學(xué)家共同努力的報(bào)告,,將形成聯(lián)合國(guó)政府間氣候變化專門(mén)委員會(huì)(IPCC)第五次評(píng)估報(bào)告的組成部分。以往的氣候變化評(píng)估主要依賴地面數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)估計(jì)對(duì)海洋的影響,,而該工作組收集了來(lái)自7個(gè)國(guó)家的,、全球同行評(píng)議文獻(xiàn)中海洋生物的1735個(gè)變化,匯編成一個(gè)大型的只基于海洋的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),,記錄了這些生物跨越40年的變化,。
美國(guó)德州大學(xué)奧斯汀分校綜合生物學(xué)系教授卡米爾·帕爾馬說(shuō):“海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)完全不同于內(nèi)陸系統(tǒng),有自己獨(dú)特的復(fù)雜性和微妙之處,。但近期氣候變化對(duì)兩者的整體影響趨勢(shì)相同:物種轉(zhuǎn)移的變化勢(shì)不可擋,。”
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了氣候變化造成海洋生物改變生活行為痕跡的案例,這些氣候變化留下的“指紋”包括當(dāng)海洋溫度上升時(shí),,物種向兩極移動(dòng),,平均位移相當(dāng)于陸地物種的10倍,其中浮游植物,、浮游動(dòng)物,、硬骨魚(yú)呈現(xiàn)出最大的變化。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),,在海洋中春季活動(dòng)的時(shí)間已提前到4天以上,,近兩倍于陸地上的數(shù)據(jù)。此外,,不同物種之間的反應(yīng)強(qiáng)度,,最大的提前長(zhǎng)達(dá)11天,發(fā)生在無(wú)脊椎浮游生物和硬骨魚(yú)幼蟲(chóng)中,。
這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在最新一期的《自然·氣候變化》上,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Nature Climate Change doi:10.1038/nclimate1958
Global imprint of climate change on marine life
Elvira S. Poloczanska, Christopher J. Brown, William J. Sydeman, Wolfgang Kiessling, David S. Schoeman, Pippa J. Moore, Keith Brander, John F. Bruno, Lauren B. Buckley, Michael T. Burrows, Carlos M. Duarte, Benjamin S. Halpern, Johnna Holding, Carrie V. Kappel, Mary I. O’Connor, John M. Pandolfi, Camille Parmesan, Franklin Schwing, Sarah Ann Thompson & Anthony J. Richardson
Past meta-analyses of the response of marine organisms to climate change have examined a limited range of locations1, 2, taxonomic groups2, 3, 4 and/or biological responses5, 6. This has precluded a robust overview of the effect of climate change in the global ocean. Here, we synthesized all available studies of the consistency of marine ecological observations with expectations under climate change. This yielded a meta-database of 1,735 marine biological responses for which either regional or global climate change was considered as a driver. Included were instances of marine taxa responding as expected, in a manner inconsistent with expectations, and taxa demonstrating no response. From this database, 81–83% of all observations for distribution, phenology, community composition, abundance, demography and calcification across taxa and ocean basins were consistent with the expected impacts of climate change. Of the species responding to climate change, rates of distribution shifts were, on average, consistent with those required to track ocean surface temperature changes. Conversely, we did not find a relationship between regional shifts in spring phenology and the seasonality of temperature. Rates of observed shifts in species’ distributions and phenology are comparable to, or greater, than those for terrestrial systems.