松獅蜥(Pogonavitticeps)是一種生活在干旱炎熱的澳大利亞內(nèi)陸的爬行動(dòng)物,。在夏季,,這些地區(qū)的溫度往往達(dá)到甚至超過39℃。有趣的是,,科學(xué)家最新的一項(xiàng)研究表明,,不論基因怎樣,夏季破殼而出的任何一窩松獅蜥都是雌性占絕大多數(shù),。相關(guān)論文發(fā)表在4月20日的《科學(xué)》雜志上,。
進(jìn)行該研究的是澳大利亞堪培拉大學(xué)的生態(tài)學(xué)家AlexanderQuinn和他的同事。通過在不同溫度下孵化松獅蜥的蛋,,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),,當(dāng)孵化溫度在22℃至32℃之間時(shí),孵出的雌性和雄性數(shù)量幾乎相等;而當(dāng)孵化溫度超過34℃時(shí),,孵出的后代大多數(shù)都是雌性,。
與鳥類相似,松獅蜥的性別遺傳受兩條染色體控制——Z和W,。雄性松獅蜥具有兩條相同的Z染色體,,而雌性則各有一條。這與人類恰好是相反的,。
通過追蹤一種雌性蜥蜴特有的DNA標(biāo)記,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),在較高溫度下,,35只被孵化出的松獅蜥中只有兩只是雄性,,更讓人驚訝的是,其中有17只基因決定本該是雄性的松獅蜥變成了雌性,。
該研究表明,,W染色體并不是松獅蜥性別的決定因素。此外,,雄性松獅蜥的分化需要兩條Z染色體基因副本,,而這一過程只有在理想的溫度下才能充分實(shí)現(xiàn)。盡管松獅蜥不是唯一一種性別受溫度影響的爬行動(dòng)物,,但卻是第一個(gè)證明這種影響可以超過遺傳基因的爬行動(dòng)物,。而松獅蜥如此“傾斜”的性別比例在進(jìn)化上有何意義,仍是一個(gè)未解的謎團(tuán),。
原始出處:
Science 20 April 2007:
Vol. 316. no. 5823, p. 411
DOI: 10.1126/science.1135925
Brevia
Temperature Sex Reversal Implies Sex Gene Dosage in a Reptile
Alexander E. Quinn,1* Arthur Georges,1 Stephen D. Sarre,1 Fiorenzo Guarino,1 Tariq Ezaz,2 Jennifer A. Marshall Graves2
Sex in reptiles is determined by genes on sex chromosomes or by incubation temperature. Previously these two modes were thought to be distinct, yet we show that high incubation temperatures reverse genotypic males (ZZ) to phenotypic females in a lizard with ZZ and ZW sex chromosomes. Thus, the W chromosome is not necessary for female differentiation. Sex determination is probably via a dosage-sensitive male-determining gene on the Z chromosome that is inactivated by extreme temperatures. Our data invite a novel hypothesis for the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) and suggest that sex chromosomes may exist in many TSD reptiles.
1 Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
2 Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]