來自美Sirtris Pharmaceuticals公司(NASDAQ: SIRT),,加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校醫(yī)學(xué)系,哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院Paul F. Glenn衰老生物機(jī)制研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的候選藥物能提供治療防衰老疾病的新方法,,這對于治療II型糖尿病等疾病來說意義重大,。這一研究成果公布在《Nature》雜志上。
在2006年11月,,Sirtris公司創(chuàng)辦人:哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院的David Sinclair博士與公司的研究人員在《Cell》和《Nature》雜志上相繼發(fā)表文章,,公布了他們有關(guān)在紅酒中發(fā)現(xiàn),白黎蘆醇Resveratrol——一種SIRT1活化因子能降低高脂肪飲食的影響,,并且增加stamina兩個(gè)折疊,,以及極大的延長了小鼠的壽命的研究成果。然而經(jīng)過計(jì)算,,要獲得白黎蘆醇等量相同的效果,,需要飲用1000瓶紅酒,這對于一般人而言難以做到,。
今年9月同樣是在《Cell》雜志上,,Sirtris的科學(xué)家們的一項(xiàng)新研究成果為科學(xué)家研制一種具有這些食物作用的藥物提供了新方法,一旦成功,,它可以代替節(jié)制飲食,。這種藥物的關(guān)鍵成分是一種叫“sirtuins”的抗衰老酶,,這種酶可以控制SIRT1和 SIRT2等多種基因。
在最新出爐的《Nature》(11月29日),,同樣是Sirtris的研究人員發(fā)表了發(fā)現(xiàn)一系列小分子SIRT1激活因子的新成果,。他們利用一項(xiàng)新的篩選工作識(shí)別出了這些小分子SIRT1激活因子,它們在結(jié)構(gòu)上與白藜蘆醇(在紅酒中發(fā)現(xiàn)的眾所周知的SIRT1激發(fā)因子)沒有關(guān)系,,但效能卻是白藜蘆醇的1000倍,。這些新合成的化合物能在糖尿病和肥胖癥的動(dòng)物模型中改善代謝功能,說明它們也許在二型糖尿病和胰島素抗性疾病中有潛在療效,。
Sirtris的Christoph Westphal博士表示,,“這一新藥候選物是一個(gè)意義重大的里程碑,因?yàn)檫@是首次設(shè)計(jì)作用于控制衰老過程的基因的分子,。因此我們認(rèn)為這在治療類似II型糖尿病之類的衰老疾病方面具有巨大的潛力”,,“這一潛在的突破意味著我們能用低量的白藜蘆醇獲得健康意料效果。”
這篇《Nature》的文章中提到,,在飲食導(dǎo)致的肥胖和遺傳性肥胖小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)中,,Sirtris此次發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種新的化學(xué)實(shí)體(novel chemical entities,NCEs)能提高胰島素的敏感性,,降低血漿中葡萄糖的水平,,并且增加線粒體(細(xì)胞的能量器官)的功能。在另外一個(gè)已經(jīng)建立好了的II型糖尿病和胰島素抗性的臨床模型(Zucker fa/fa rats)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,,研究人員也發(fā)現(xiàn)這些SIRT1激活因子能增加脂肪組織,,骨骼肌肉和肝臟中整體葡萄糖體內(nèi)平衡(homeostasis)和胰島素敏感性,這些糖尿病的鼠科模型的實(shí)驗(yàn)效果被認(rèn)為也能人類疾病治療中重復(fù),。
1型糖尿病均有明顯的臨床癥狀如多飲,、多尿、多食等,,即“三多”,,而II型糖尿病常無典型的“三多”癥狀。為數(shù)不少的II型糖尿病人由于臨床癥狀不明顯,,常常難以確定何時(shí)起病,,有的只是在檢查血糖后才知道自己患了糖尿病。1型糖尿病只有注射胰島素才可控制高血糖,,穩(wěn)定病情,,口服降糖藥一般無效。II型糖尿病通過合理的飲食控制和適當(dāng)?shù)目诜堤撬幹委?,便可獲得一定的效果。
原始出處:
Nature 450, 712-716 (29 November 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature06261; Received 3 August 2007; Accepted 17 September 2007
Small molecule activators of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Jill C. Milne1,4, Philip D. Lambert1,4, Simon Schenk2,4, David P. Carney1, Jesse J. Smith1, David J. Gagne1, Lei Jin1, Olivier Boss1, Robert B. Perni1, Chi B. Vu1, Jean E. Bemis1, Roger Xie1, Jeremy S. Disch1, Pui Yee Ng1, Joseph J. Nunes1, Amy V. Lynch1, Hongying Yang1, Heidi Galonek1, Kristine Israelian1, Wendy Choy1, Andre Iffland1, Siva Lavu1, Oliver Medvedik1, David A. Sinclair3, Jerrold M. Olefsky2, Michael R. Jirousek1, Peter J. Elliott1 & Christoph H. Westphal1
Sirtris Pharmaceuticals Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
Department of Pathology, Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence to: Christoph H. Westphal1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to C.H.W. (Email: [email protected]).
Calorie restriction extends lifespan and produces a metabolic profile desirable for treating diseases of ageing such as type 2 diabetes1, 2. SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase, is a principal modulator of pathways downstream of calorie restriction that produce beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic SIRT1 activator, mimics the anti-ageing effects of calorie restriction in lower organisms and in mice fed a high-fat diet ameliorates insulin resistance, increases mitochondrial content, and prolongs survival10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Here we describe the identification and characterization of small molecule activators of SIRT1 that are structurally unrelated to, and 1,000-fold more potent than, resveratrol. These compounds bind to the SIRT1 enzyme–peptide substrate complex at an allosteric site amino-terminal to the catalytic domain and lower the Michaelis constant for acetylated substrates. In diet-induced obese and genetically obese mice, these compounds improve insulin sensitivity, lower plasma glucose, and increase mitochondrial capacity. In Zucker fa/fa rats, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp studies demonstrate that SIRT1 activators improve whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. Thus, SIRT1 activation is a promising new therapeutic approach for treating diseases of ageing such as type 2 diabetes.