每本有關(guān)胚胎學(xué)的教科書上都清楚地寫著,,一個(gè)早期的小鼠胚胎由兩個(gè)胚胎層構(gòu)成:外胚葉(外胚層)和內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層,,并且由后者包裹著前者,。在形成原胚腸的過程中,,外胚葉產(chǎn)生了另外兩個(gè)細(xì)胞層——內(nèi)胚葉和中胚葉,,并最終形成了完整的胚胎,。與之形成對照的是,,內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層僅僅參與了胚胎外組織的形成,例如卵黃囊,。然而美國科學(xué)家最新的研究工作卻推翻了這條“真理”——科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn),,一些內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層細(xì)胞參與了胚胎的發(fā)育。
之前的研究表明,,胚胎內(nèi)胚層細(xì)胞能夠到達(dá)胚胎的外表面,,并使內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層細(xì)胞連續(xù)成片地轉(zhuǎn)移到胚胎的外圍。為了更細(xì)致地研究這一轉(zhuǎn)移過程,,美國紐約市Sloan-Kettering研究所的Kat Hadjantonakis和同事利用遺傳學(xué)手段對這些內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層細(xì)胞進(jìn)行了標(biāo)記——通過受α-胎蛋白(一種內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層標(biāo)記物)控制的綠色熒光蛋白(GFP)的表達(dá),,并且在活晶胚中對其進(jìn)行定時(shí)顯微錄像研究。
對圖像數(shù)據(jù)的三維重建顯示,,位于胚胎后部以及末梢的對GFP呈正感應(yīng)性的內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層細(xì)胞并沒有轉(zhuǎn)移到胚胎外的區(qū)域,,它們依然與外胚葉連接在一起。而單純對GFP呈負(fù)感應(yīng)性的內(nèi)胚層細(xì)胞則插入到對GFP呈正感應(yīng)性的細(xì)胞中間,,從而導(dǎo)致了后者在這一區(qū)域呈現(xiàn)的離散模式,。這些結(jié)果得到了兩個(gè)額外的遺傳標(biāo)記方法的證實(shí),它們表明,,覆蓋外胚葉的呈離散狀態(tài)的細(xì)胞群并非源自外胚葉,,而是來自于內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,在經(jīng)歷分化且對GFP呈正感應(yīng)性的鄰近細(xì)胞界面上的緊密連接和黏著連接被重新改造,,從而促進(jìn)了細(xì)胞的離散過程——他們利用特殊的標(biāo)記物觀察了這一過程。除此之外,,盡管與源自外胚葉的細(xì)胞相比速度較慢,,但離散的內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層細(xì)胞群一直在持續(xù)增生擴(kuò)散。但是這些細(xì)胞群在隨后的發(fā)育過程中又發(fā)生了什么呢?
研究人員在后來的階段對晶胚進(jìn)行了成像研究——大約在8.75個(gè)胚胎日齡,,結(jié)果顯示,,源自內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層的細(xì)胞合并進(jìn)入了腸管的柱形上皮細(xì)胞,而這通常被認(rèn)為是僅有外胚葉細(xì)胞能夠參與的過程,。研究人員在最近出版的《發(fā)育細(xì)胞》雜志上報(bào)告了這一研究成果,。
就像Hadjantonakis指出的那樣,提到這些源自內(nèi)臟內(nèi)胚層的細(xì)胞,,“在體內(nèi)平衡和疾病狀態(tài)下時(shí),,搞清楚它們的確切位置,以及是否與源自外胚葉的內(nèi)胚葉細(xì)胞具有分子學(xué)和功能差異,,都是至關(guān)重要的”。無論如何,,現(xiàn)在人們已經(jīng)可以開始更新他們的教科書了,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Developmental Cell,doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2008.07.017,,Gloria S. Kwon,,Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
The Endoderm of the Mouse Embryo Arises by Dynamic Widespread Intercalation of Embryonic and Extraembryonic Lineages
Gloria S. Kwon1,2,Manuel Viotti1,3andAnna-Katerina Hadjantonakis1,,
1 Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
2 Neuroscience Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
3 Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
The cell movements underlying the morphogenesis of the embryonic endoderm, the tissue that will give rise to the respiratory and digestive tracts, are complex and not well understood. Using live imaging combined with genetic labeling, we investigated the cell behaviors and fate of the visceral endoderm during gut endoderm formation in the mouse gastrula. Contrary to the prevailing view, our data reveal no mass displacement of visceral endoderm to extraembryonic regions concomitant with the emergence of epiblast-derived definitive endoderm. Instead, we observed dispersal of the visceral endoderm epithelium and extensive mixing between cells of visceral endoderm and epiblast origin. Visceral endoderm cells remained associated with the epiblast and were incorporated into the early gut tube. Our findings suggest that the segregation of extraembryonic and embryonic tissues within the mammalian embryo is not as strict as believed and that a lineage previously defined as exclusively extraembryonic contributes cells to the embryo.