科學(xué)家日前發(fā)現(xiàn)了藏在人類體內(nèi)的控制性別性狀的基因,,這個基因可以讓人類保持住性別特征,但是如果它出現(xiàn)異常,,女性身體則有可能長出男性的睪丸及胡子,。有專家認(rèn)為,這項發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅打破了傳統(tǒng)思維中的“性別與生俱來”的觀念,,還有望最終為變性手術(shù)帶來革命,,并改善雌雄同體嬰兒的治療。
這項研究論文11日在《細(xì)胞》雜志上正式公開發(fā)表,,挑戰(zhàn)了人們關(guān)于性別單純?nèi)Q于X,、Y染色體的觀念,因為研究中指出左右性別發(fā)展的單一基因FOXL2存在于男女都有的非性別染色體上,。該發(fā)現(xiàn)也顯示,,性別可能比先前認(rèn)為的還容易操縱。
該論文的共同撰稿人,、英國國家醫(yī)學(xué)研究院遺傳學(xué)家洛弗爾·巴格說,,該研究挑戰(zhàn)了人們將維持與生俱來的性別視為理所當(dāng)然的教條。“我們總是認(rèn)為,,我們的性別與生俱來,,男性長出睪丸,女性長出卵巢是理所當(dāng)然的,。但這次研究顯示,,成人卵巢之所以不會變成睪丸,全賴基因FOXL2,。”
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,當(dāng)雌鼠體內(nèi)的這種名為FOXL2的基因被關(guān)閉后,它們的卵巢就開始變成睪丸,,并開始產(chǎn)生健康雄鼠的睪丸素,。主持該研究的德國海德堡歐洲分子生物實驗室科學(xué)家特萊爾說:“我們預(yù)期老鼠將停止排卵,然而實情更為震撼,。”
研究人員利用基因工程技術(shù)關(guān)閉了雌鼠的FOXL2,,結(jié)果卵巢中的卵子皆死亡,,最后將成長為卵子的濾泡慢慢地轉(zhuǎn)變成史托利細(xì)胞,史托利細(xì)胞在睪丸中制造精子,。雌鼠由此發(fā)展出制造睪丸素的細(xì)胞,,同時睪丸素濃度升高為原先的一百倍。該實驗中的雌鼠與雄鼠的大小,、皮毛等外觀幾無差異,,并且除生殖器官產(chǎn)生變化外,沒有顯示副作用,,實驗鼠的壽命也正常,。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)FOXL2基因顯然與另一基因SOX9保持著排斥關(guān)系。當(dāng)一種基因啟動,,另一種則自動關(guān)閉,。SOX9基因通常只在男性體內(nèi)活動,當(dāng)男性的SOX9一旦被開啟,,F(xiàn)OXL2的活動就遭抑制,,并進(jìn)而終身停頓。這種情況在女性體內(nèi)剛好相反,,F(xiàn)OXL2會最先被啟動,。學(xué)界普遍了解FOXL2對女性維持女兒身與卵巢的成長十分重要,然而科學(xué)家并不預(yù)期卵巢中的排卵細(xì)胞會被SOX9基因吸收,,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮男性生育功能,。
研究人員認(rèn)為,該發(fā)現(xiàn)離人體應(yīng)用還有一段很長的路要走,,然而這必然帶來變性治療的變革,,甚至可能開啟非手術(shù)變性治療的先河。到時,,變性人將無須終生用藥,,只需接受短期的基因療法就行了。(生物谷Bioon.com)
相關(guān)研究:
Nature:爬行動物可按溫度改變后代性別
PLoS Biology:科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)果蠅性別決定新機制
Science:自然選擇和性別選擇相互作用推動新物種形成
JCI:蛋白修飾可以區(qū)分性別
Nature:性別差異與生物多樣性的關(guān)系
Science :鳥類能夠靈活控制后代性別比例
Proc. R. Soc. B :日本海珊瑚蟲為適應(yīng)環(huán)境而改變性別
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Cell, Volume 139, Issue 6, 1130-1142, 11 December 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.021
Somatic Sex Reprogramming of Adult Ovaries to Testes by FOXL2 Ablation
N. Henriette Uhlenhaut1, 7, Susanne Jakob2, Katrin Anlag1, Tobias Eisenberger1, Ryohei Sekido2, Jana Kress1, Anna-Corina Treier1, Claudia Klugmann1, Christian Klasen1, Nadine I. Holter1, Dieter Riethmacher3, Günther Schütz4, Austin J. Cooney5, Robin Lovell-Badge2 and Mathias Treier1, 6, ,
1 Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
2 Division of Developmental Genetics, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
3 Division of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
4 Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell I, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
5 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
6 Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
In mammals, the transcription factor SRY, encoded by the Y chromosome, is normally responsible for triggering the indifferent gonads to develop as testes rather than ovaries. However, testis differentiation can occur in its absence. Here we demonstrate in the mouse that a single factor, the forkhead transcriptional regulator FOXL2, is required to prevent transdifferentiation of an adult ovary to a testis. Inducible deletion of Foxl2 in adult ovarian follicles leads to immediate upregulation of testis-specific genes including the critical SRY target gene Sox9. Concordantly, reprogramming of granulosa and theca cell lineages into Sertoli-like and Leydig-like cell lineages occurs with testosterone levels comparable to those of normal XY male littermates. Our results show that maintenance of the ovarian phenotype is an active process throughout life. They might also have important medical implications for the understanding and treatment of some disorders of sexual development in children and premature menopause in women.For a video summary of this article, see the PaperFlick file with the Supplemental Data available online.