雖然近1個世紀(jì)以來我們知道大腦具有潛意識學(xué)習(xí)能力,,但一直沒有明確地加以證實,。8月28日出版的《神經(jīng)元》(Neuron)雜志上的一項新研究采用了復(fù)雜的知覺遮蔽,、電腦模型和神經(jīng)成像技術(shù),,首次證實人類大腦在沒有意識跡象的情況下具有潛意識學(xué)習(xí)能力,。
負(fù)責(zé)此項研究的倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的威爾康姆神經(jīng)成像中心的馬西亞斯·皮斯格林尼說:“人們時常爭辯說他們的直覺比深思熟慮更能做出更好的決定,。這種說法可能就是憑借潛意識的聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)能力發(fā)揮了作用,,從而在假設(shè)情況下選擇了更好的結(jié)果。”
比如,,老練的紙牌手能玩得更加成功,,這是因為他們具有洞悉輸贏結(jié)果與其對手潛意識行為表現(xiàn)相關(guān)聯(lián)的潛意識領(lǐng)悟能力。為明確調(diào)查此現(xiàn)象,,皮斯格林尼博士及其同事制造了來自混亂的,、新奇的抽象符號的視覺信息。之后通過展示兩個遮蔽的線索來評估測試者的視覺意識,,詢問他們是否覺察到有什么不同,。皮斯格林尼解釋說:“我們推斷,如果測試者不能正確覺察到此兩個遮蔽線索之間的差異,,那他們也不能得知有意識的暗示結(jié)果,。”
在接下來的實驗中,測試者完成了潛意識的訓(xùn)練任務(wù),,期間采用了同樣的遮蔽措施,,但這一次的暗示和輸贏結(jié)果是一對一。利用這種方法,,研究人員觀察到一對一的輸贏暗示效果很好,,能正確指導(dǎo)測試者做出行動反應(yīng),即使是在抽象的暗示情況下也管用,。在抽象的暗示情況下,,測試者不能有意識地看到明確的暗示。
與此同時,,研究人員通過采用功能性磁共振成像技術(shù),,收集了來自他們大腦的掃描結(jié)果,,以調(diào)查與潛意識學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)聯(lián)的特定大腦回路的活動情況。皮斯格林尼說:“回應(yīng)潛意識暗示的大腦腹側(cè)紋狀體可以看到結(jié)果,,其方式近似我們電腦的運算法則,,可以快速表達(dá)獎賞預(yù)期值,并能快速預(yù)報錯誤,。由此我們推斷,,即使沒有意識地處理相關(guān)的暗示,我們的大腦也能知道它們的獎賞值,,并能利用它們來做出決定,。”(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Neuron,Vol 59, 561-567,,Mathias Pessiglione,,Chris D. Frith
Subliminal Instrumental Conditioning Demonstrated in the Human Brain
Mathias Pessiglione,1,2, Predrag Petrovic,1 Jean Daunizeau,1 Stefano Palminteri,2 Raymond J. Dolan,1 and Chris D. Frith1
1 Wellcome Trust Centre for NeuroImaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
2 Laboratoire INSERM U610, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut Fédératif de Recherche en Neurosciences, H?pital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), 47 Boulevard de l'H?pital 75013 Paris, France
How the brain uses success and failure to optimize future decisions is a long-standing question in neuroscience. One computational solution involves updating the values of context-action associations in proportion to a reward prediction error. Previous evidence suggests that such computations are expressed in the striatum and, as they are cognitively impenetrable, represent an unconscious learning mechanism. Here, we formally test this by studying instrumental conditioning in a situation where we masked contextual cues, such that they were not consciously perceived. Behavioral data showed that subjects nonetheless developed a significant propensity to choose cues associated with monetary rewards relative to punishments. Functional neuroimaging revealed that during conditioning cue values and prediction errors, generated from a computational model, both correlated with activity in ventral striatum. We conclude that, even without conscious processing of contextual cues, our brain can learn their reward value and use them to provide a bias on decision making.