12月8號,,發(fā)布在Neuropsychologia雜志上的一項報告"Does acquisition of Greeble expertise in prosopagnosia rule out a domain-general deficit"表明,,臉盲癥人不能識別出人面部的三維輪廓。
現(xiàn)實生活中有時我們會戲稱自己有臉盲癥,,記不住誰是誰,。實際上確實有病人一生都無法認清人的臉,,或者在車禍后喪失了識別他人面孔的能力。
臉盲實驗中所用的稱為Greeble的立體物體
一位腦部受損的病人認不出人的面孔,,這引發(fā)了關(guān)于人們怎么去識別復(fù)雜物體的科學討論,。
美國里士滿大學的心理學家辛迪.布卡(Cindy Bukach)的調(diào)查報告中提出,一名腦部受損的病人沒法記住臉的模樣,,是一種無法感知物體特征的一般征兆,。患有臉盲癥的病人不單單只是沒法識別人臉,,即使在強化訓(xùn)練后,,他也識別不出電腦生成的三維立體物體。
布卡和她的同事們對患有臉盲癥的病人LR進行了研究,,LR在一場車禍后,,右太陽穴下方的腦部受損,在這之后他連自己的女兒都沒法認出來,,但是卻記得一些其他人顯著的面部特征,,比如某人的絡(luò)腮胡子。
布卡說,,其實有很多方法可以干擾到人識別臉部,但是根據(jù)我們現(xiàn)有證據(jù)表明,,LR這種類型的臉盲癥,影響到了他識別由多部分構(gòu)成的復(fù)雜物體,,臉部就是其中最常見的例子,。眼睛,鼻子和嘴巴,,它們的相對位置以及形狀,,這些都有助于把臉部作為一個單一整體來辨別。
在2006年的報告里,,布卡的團隊設(shè)計出了這樣的實驗,,用兩組眼睛、鼻子和嘴巴分別排列組合出8個不同臉部,,讓LR進行辨別,。在短暫的觀察后,LR在四分之一的時間里能成功的從這8種臉部中挑出正確的那個,,如果他是根據(jù)某個單一面部特征來識別的話,,那么大概就應(yīng)該是這個概率。在后續(xù)實驗里,,布卡發(fā)現(xiàn)LR正是通過記住嘴部的特征來辨別臉部的,。
在這項新的研究中,研究人員如法炮制出了8種稱為Greeble的多維立體物體,同樣是由三組部件,,每組含兩種不同的分部件分別排列組合而成,,再讓LR進行辨別。結(jié)果表明,,LR只能在31%的時間里正確辨別,,在幾次強化訓(xùn)練后,情況仍然不能有所改善,。 而讓四個健康的人進行同樣的辨別實驗,,一開始會有點困難,但經(jīng)過強化訓(xùn)練后能辨別出大多數(shù)立體物體,。
美國達特茅斯學院的心理學家布拉德利.杜查(Bradley Duchaine)之前曾報告過一個名字叫愛德華(Edward)的臉盲癥病人,,他一生都無法認清人的臉,但是通過學習卻可以做到辨別Greeble這種立體物體,。杜查認為,,如果辨別臉部要依賴于學習辨別多個部件構(gòu)成的物體,正常的實驗者應(yīng)該一開始,,就和臉盲癥患者一樣,,只能識別出很少的Greeble物體,但是經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練過會比臉盲癥患者表現(xiàn)好很多,。杜查承認,,LR的表現(xiàn)讓人感到費解,,這個研究的結(jié)果并不利于我們理解辨別臉部的機制,。
關(guān)于這個問題布卡是這么回應(yīng)的,不管是訓(xùn)練前還是訓(xùn)練后,,LR識別物體的準確率都如此低的原因是,,他每次都只著重看其中一個部件,當然不能很好的辨別整體,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.023
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Does acquisition of Greeble expertise in prosopagnosia rule out a domain-general deficit?
Bukach CM, Gauthier I, Tarr MJ, Kadlec H, Barth S, Ryan E, Turpin J, Bub DN.
According to the expertise account of face specialization, a deficit that affects general expertise mechanisms should similarly impair the expert individuation of both faces and other visually homogeneous object classes. To test this possibility, we attempted to train a prosopagnosic patient, LR, to become a Greeble expert using the standard Greeble expertise-training paradigm (Gauthier & Tarr, 2002). Previous research demonstrated that LR's prosopagnosia was related to an inability to simultaneously use multiple features in a speeded face recognition task (Bukach, Bub, Gauthier, & Tarr, 2006). We hypothesized that LR's inability to use multiple face features would manifest in his acquisition of Greeble expertise, even though his basic object recognition is unimpaired according to standard neuropsychological testing. Although LR was eventually able to reach expertise criterion, he took many more training sessions than controls, suggesting use of an abnormal strategy. To further explore LR's Greeble processing strategies, we assessed his ability to use multiple Greeble features both before and after Greeble training. LR's performance in two versions of this task demonstrates that, even after training, he relies heavily on a single feature to identify Greebles. This correspondence between LR's face recognition and post-training Greeble recognition supports the idea that impaired face recognition is simply the most visible symptom of a more general object recognition impairment in acquired prosopagnosia.