近日,,在《自然醫(yī)學(xué)》(Nature Medicine)上刊登的一項(xiàng)研究成果表明,,墨爾本大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了異常金屬元素在腦內(nèi)的沉積直接參與了阿爾茲海默氏癥和帕金森氏癥的發(fā)病過程,并且在動物模型上證明以異常鐵離子為靶點(diǎn)的藥物可以有效預(yù)防這類疾病。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),在阿爾茲海默氏癥和帕金森氏癥發(fā)病過程中扮演重要作用的tau蛋白間接參與了腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的鐵離子的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。缺失這一蛋白的小鼠隨著年齡的增長表現(xiàn)出與人類類似的疾病癥狀,,包括認(rèn)知和行為能力的明顯下降,腦內(nèi)特定區(qū)域鐵離子的異常沉積與功能性神經(jīng)元缺失,,以及記憶相關(guān)的重要蛋白的減少,。利用核磁共振成像技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些小鼠還出現(xiàn)了腦萎縮。研究人員同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)通過調(diào)控鐵離子防止其沉積有效地阻止了行為學(xué)和生理學(xué)病變,,從而確認(rèn)了鐵離子在此類疾病中的重要作用,。
Tau蛋白早在80年代就被證明是神經(jīng)纖維纏結(jié)(阿爾茲海默氏癥的主要病理學(xué)特征之一)的主要構(gòu)成部分,而且在2010年該蛋白的基因被證實(shí)是帕金森氏癥的主要危險基因之一,。但是,,至今對該蛋白在這類疾病的發(fā)病過程中扮演的作用仍然很不明確。這份報告首次確認(rèn)了該蛋白的缺失對帕金森氏癥發(fā)病的影響,,并發(fā)現(xiàn)與淀粉樣蛋白前體(APP)的相互作用可能參與了神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞內(nèi)鐵離子調(diào)控,。2010年該課題組在國際頂尖生物學(xué)雜志《細(xì)胞》上發(fā)表論文,證明了淀粉樣蛋白前體參與了神經(jīng)元內(nèi)鐵離子的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),。最新的研究報告進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)tau蛋白影響了淀粉樣蛋白在細(xì)胞內(nèi)的分布,,從而阻止了淀粉樣蛋白執(zhí)行功能。自80年代發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩種蛋白開始,,科學(xué)家一直致力于研究兩者的相互關(guān)系,,但一直進(jìn)展緩慢。此論文有力的填補(bǔ)了這一空白,,對研究阿爾茲海默氏癥的病理學(xué)提供了新的線索,。
阿爾茲海默氏癥(早老性癡呆)和帕金森氏癥均為威脅人類壽命的主要疾病。它們主要影響六十歲以上的老年人的認(rèn)知和行為能力,,患病周期可長達(dá)數(shù)十年,,目前并無有效的治愈手段。隨著我國人口的老齡化加劇,,研究對這類疾病的機(jī)理并找出相應(yīng)的治療手段是科學(xué)家一直努力的方向,。
這一研究曾兩次在美國神經(jīng)生物學(xué)年會(SfN 2010, 2011)上宣讀,,并被2011年世界老年癡呆癥大會(AAICAD 2011)選為“熱門話題”予以公布。
這一系列研究成果支持了使用小分子藥物調(diào)控鐵離子代謝在相關(guān)疾病中可能的應(yīng)用,。目前類似藥物正在準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行新一輪二期臨床試驗(yàn),。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nm.2613
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Tau deficiency induces parkinsonism with dementia by impairing APP-mediated iron export
Peng Lei, Scott Ayton, David I Finkelstein, Loredana Spoerri,, Giuseppe D Ciccotosto,, , David K Wright, Bruce X W Wong, Paul A Adlard, Robert A Cherny, Linh Q Lam, Blaine R Roberts, Irene Volitakis, Gary F Egan, Catriona A McLean, Roberto Cappai, James A Duce, & Ashley I Bush,
The microtubule-associated protein tau has risk alleles for both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease and mutations that cause brain degenerative diseases termed tauopathies. Aggregated tau forms neurofibrillary tangles in these pathologies, but little is certain about the function of tau or its mode of involvement in pathogenesis. Neuronal iron accumulation has been observed pathologically in the cortex in Alzheimer's disease, the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease and various brain regions in the tauopathies. Here we report that tau-knockout mice develop age-dependent brain atrophy, iron accumulation and SN neuronal loss, with concomitant cognitive deficits and parkinsonism. These changes are prevented by oral treatment with a moderate iron chelator, clioquinol. Amyloid precursor protein (APP) ferroxidase activity couples with surface ferroportin to export iron, but its activity is inhibited in Alzheimer's disease, thereby causing neuronal iron accumulation. In primary neuronal culture, we found loss of tau also causes iron retention, by decreasing surface trafficking of APP. Soluble tau levels fall in affected brain regions in Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies, and we found a similar decrease of soluble tau in the SN in both Parkinson's disease and the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model. These data suggest that the loss of soluble tau could contribute to toxic neuronal iron accumulation in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and tauopathies, and that it can be rescued pharmacologically.