在現(xiàn)實生活中,,視覺和嗅覺都可以幫助人類習(xí)得和辨認(rèn)物體,,同時這兩種通道之間也存在相互影響,。已有的研究顯示,視覺信息可以促進(jìn)人們對相應(yīng)嗅覺信息的探測,,嗅覺信息也能反過來調(diào)節(jié)視覺信息的加工,。但是人們對于這種跨通道交互作用發(fā)生在大腦加工的哪個階段還不是很清楚。中國科學(xué)院心理研究所周雯研究員及合作者最近通過實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻兩側(cè)對視覺加工表現(xiàn)出不同的調(diào)制效應(yīng),,從而證明了在大腦加工的初級階段就已經(jīng)發(fā)生了視覺和嗅覺的跨通道整合。
實驗一中,研究者巧妙利用了視覺系統(tǒng)和嗅覺系統(tǒng)在初級信息加工中神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)通路的偏側(cè)化現(xiàn)象(初級視覺信息加工為對側(cè)傳導(dǎo),,初級嗅覺信息加工為同側(cè)傳導(dǎo)),。實驗采用“雙眼競爭”范式,在被試左右眼同一視野(左/右)同時分別呈現(xiàn)兩張不同的圖片,,同時向被試的一側(cè)鼻孔(左/右)呈現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的嗅覺刺激,。實驗結(jié)果顯示,當(dāng)圖片與其相應(yīng)的嗅覺刺激為對側(cè)呈現(xiàn)時(投射到同一側(cè)大腦半球),,被試在雙眼競爭中感知該圖片的時間更長,。這種偏側(cè)優(yōu)化效應(yīng)證明嗅覺對視覺信息的調(diào)控在大腦的初級加工階段就已發(fā)生。
實驗二中,,研究者進(jìn)一步探討嗅覺對視覺的調(diào)制是否也作用于類別選擇特異性的視覺區(qū)域(例如,,文字字形主要在左半球梭狀回得到加工,對身體的特異性表征位于右半球梭狀回和紋外皮層),。實驗者在被試雙眼的中央視野分別同時呈現(xiàn)文字和身體圖片,,同時給被試一側(cè)鼻孔(左/右)呈現(xiàn)與圖片一致或無關(guān)的氣味刺激。實驗結(jié)果顯示,,當(dāng)被試右側(cè)鼻孔聞汗液氣味時,,他們在雙眼競爭中感知身體圖片的時間顯著増長。這種偏側(cè)優(yōu)化效應(yīng)也就驗證了嗅覺對于類別特異性的視覺加工過程的影響,。
實驗三中將雙眼競爭的圖片替換為呈現(xiàn)在中央視野的香蕉圖片和文字“玫瑰”,,并向被試的鼻子一側(cè)呈現(xiàn)玫瑰或香蕉氣味。雖然“玫瑰”的字形和語意的加工都偏側(cè)化在左半球,,但在這個實驗中并沒有出現(xiàn)實驗一與實驗二中嗅覺對視覺調(diào)制的偏側(cè)優(yōu)化效應(yīng),,即被試左側(cè)和右側(cè)鼻孔聞玫瑰氣味對“玫瑰”文字主導(dǎo)時間的影響是相仿的。由此,,實驗一與實驗二中嗅覺對視覺基于解剖和功能偏側(cè)化的優(yōu)化調(diào)節(jié)與語義加工無關(guān),,而是一種發(fā)生在大腦加工初級階段,基于感覺輸入一致性的整合過程,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2649-12.2012.
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Nostril-specific olfactory modulation of visual perception in binocular rivalry.
Zhou W, Zhang X, Chen J, Wang L, Chen D.
It is known that olfaction and vision can work in tandem to represent object identities. What is yet unclear is the stage of the sensory processing hierarchy at which the two types of inputs converge. Here we study this issue through a well established visual phenomenon termed binocular rivalry. We show that smelling an odor from one nostril significantly enhances the dominance time of the congruent visual image in the contralateral visual field, relative to that in the ipsilateral visual field. Moreover, such lateralization-based enhancement extends to category selective regions so that when two images of words and human body, respectively, are engaged in rivalry in the central visual field, smelling natural human body odor from the right nostril increases the dominance time of the body image compared with smelling it from the left nostril. Semantic congruency alone failed to produce this effect in a similar setting. These results, taking advantage of the anatomical and functional lateralizations in the olfactory and visual systems, highlight the functional dissociation of the two nostrils and provide strong evidence for an object-based early convergence of olfactory and visual inputs in sensory representations.