來(lái)自哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院神經(jīng)生物學(xué)系,,哈佛大學(xué)Rowland研究院的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放的不對(duì)稱性能幫助果蠅快速的進(jìn)行氣味識(shí)別 ,,并且嗅覺(jué)受體神經(jīng)元ORN激發(fā)時(shí)間和速率上的細(xì)微差異,,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致嗅覺(jué)行為的差異。相關(guān)成果公布在12月23日Nature雜志在線版上,。
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這一研究的是哈佛大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家Rachel Wilson,,這位女科學(xué)家曾于2008年與其他三位女科學(xué)家包攬了麥克阿瑟獎(jiǎng)(麥克阿瑟獎(jiǎng)別名“天才獎(jiǎng)”,詳細(xì)見(jiàn)4美女科學(xué)家包攬“麥克阿瑟”生物類獎(jiǎng)),,Wilson主要研究方向?yàn)榇竽X識(shí)別不同氣味的機(jī)制。脊椎動(dòng)物和無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的初級(jí)嗅覺(jué)神經(jīng)負(fù)責(zé)探測(cè)氣味的大類,,另外一些高級(jí)的神經(jīng)元負(fù)責(zé)精細(xì)的氣味分類,。通過(guò)檢測(cè)果蠅神經(jīng)元的活性,Wilson希望能找出神經(jīng)元識(shí)別氣味和周?chē)h(huán)境的機(jī)制,。
嗅覺(jué)是一種重要的感官,,也是最神秘的一種感官。2004年諾貝爾生理/醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)授予了美國(guó)科學(xué)家理查德·阿克塞爾和琳達(dá)·巴克,,以表彰兩人在氣味受體和嗅覺(jué)系統(tǒng)組織方式研究中作出的杰出貢獻(xiàn),,因?yàn)樗麄兊难芯吭黾恿巳藗儗?duì)“人類感官中最難解開(kāi)的謎團(tuán)之一”的理解。
對(duì)于昆蟲(chóng)而言,,嗅覺(jué)十分重要,,它們可以通過(guò)檢測(cè)一種氣味,比較來(lái)自兩個(gè)觸角的信號(hào),,從而改變方向,。然而果蠅在利用這種策略方面,與昆蟲(chóng)不同,,前者主要通過(guò)雙側(cè)ORN(bilateral ORN projections),,ORN也就是嗅覺(jué)受體神經(jīng)元,其在兩側(cè)接收到的信號(hào),,能傳遞到大腦的兩側(cè),。這種雙側(cè)信號(hào)比較于單側(cè)信號(hào)也許更為有利,但是對(duì)于其中具體的偏側(cè)行為,,科學(xué)家們還不是很清楚,。
在這篇文章中,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)一種不對(duì)稱的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放,,能幫助果蠅快速的進(jìn)行氣味識(shí)別 ,從而根據(jù)嗅覺(jué)鑒別細(xì)微的差別,,進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)向等活動(dòng),。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)從同側(cè)軸突分支發(fā)出的每個(gè)ORN,要比對(duì)側(cè)分支上發(fā)出的ORN,,釋放的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)要多出百分之四十,,這樣就會(huì)導(dǎo)致當(dāng)某種氣味不對(duì)稱刺激觸角的時(shí)候,,同側(cè)的中樞神經(jīng)元就會(huì)在對(duì)側(cè)神經(jīng)元發(fā)出信號(hào)之前幾個(gè)毫秒,開(kāi)始發(fā)出信號(hào),,并且速率也要快上30%至50%,。
研究證實(shí),飛行中的果蠅能識(shí)別出投射到左邊和右邊觸角葉總ORN中5%的不對(duì)稱信號(hào),,從而能在更短時(shí)間內(nèi)調(diào)整方向,,避免繞圈浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
這些結(jié)果表明,,神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)釋放特征可以獨(dú)立于,,單一神經(jīng)軸突對(duì)兩個(gè)功能和形態(tài)上都相同的靶細(xì)胞傳遞信息所產(chǎn)生的突觸,也就是說(shuō),,神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的釋放可以與軸突突觸不相同,。而且這項(xiàng)研究也證明ORN激發(fā)時(shí)間和速率上的細(xì)微差異,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致嗅覺(jué)行為的差異,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi:10.1038/nature11747
PMC:
PMID:
Asymmetric neurotransmitter release enables rapid odour lateralization in Drosophila
Quentin Gaudry, Elizabeth J. Hong, Jamey Kain, Benjamin L. de Bivort & Rachel I. Wilson
In Drosophila, most individual olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) project bilaterally to both sides of the brain1, 2. Having bilateral rather than unilateral projections may represent a useful redundancy. However, bilateral ORN projections to the brain should also compromise the ability to lateralize odours. Nevertheless, walking or flying Drosophila reportedly turn towards the antenna that is more strongly stimulated by odour3, 4, 5. Here we show that each ORN spike releases approximately 40% more neurotransmitter from the axon branch ipsilateral to the soma than from the contralateral branch. As a result, when an odour activates the antennae asymmetrically, ipsilateral central neurons begin to spike a few milliseconds before contralateral neurons, and at a 30 to 50% higher rate than contralateral neurons. We show that a walking fly can detect a 5% asymmetry in total ORN input to its left and right antennal lobes, and can turn towards the odour in less time than it requires the fly to complete a stride. These results demonstrate that neurotransmitter release properties can be tuned independently at output synapses formed by a single axon onto two target cells with identical functions and morphologies. Our data also show that small differences in spike timing and spike rate can produce reliable differences in olfactory behaviour.