?Pennsylvania州立大學獸醫(yī)學學院的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn),魚和哺乳動物B細胞的原始模型和白細胞的免役系統(tǒng)存在獨特的進化相關性,。他們的研究把哺乳動物適當?shù)拿庖巯到y(tǒng)(在這里B細胞產(chǎn)生抗體抵抗感染)與魚更原始的先天免疫性(在這里B細胞參與吞噬作用)在進化上的關聯(lián)性聯(lián)系起來,,B細胞參與的吞噬作用是免疫系統(tǒng)的細胞攝取外源顆粒和微生物的過程。
??這項研究在線出版在自然免疫學雜志上,,將其作為十月期刊封面代表哺乳動物免疫系統(tǒng)一個相當大的進化步驟,,同時也為魚類疫苗的發(fā)展提供了一個潛在的新策略。
??病理學系J. Oriol Sunyer教授說:“在調(diào)查魚B細胞時,,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他們主動攻擊和吃外源異物,,根據(jù)當前的定論,這種行為在B細胞中不應該發(fā)生,,我認為這為免疫防御最原始的形式之間的聯(lián)系提供了一個很好的證據(jù),,魚,以及更高等的人類和吉他的哺乳動物都存在免疫應答而幸存,。”
??大約在400萬年前,現(xiàn)代魚的最古老祖先脫離了進化途徑而成為現(xiàn)代哺乳動物最古老的祖先,,在現(xiàn)代哺乳動物中,,B細胞積極響應免疫系統(tǒng),重要是產(chǎn)生抗體識別外源顆粒和微生物所帶來的破壞,。哺乳動物有吞噬細胞,,但他們是區(qū)別于驅動其他白細胞復雜的相互作用的特有少數(shù)細胞。
??Sunyer和同事在檢查虹鱒魚和鯰魚時發(fā)現(xiàn)了以前不受懷疑的B細胞的活性,。研究者認為,,攻擊性B細胞大約占了魚類所有免疫細胞的30%~40%,而吞噬細胞在哺乳動物免疫細胞中僅僅占有很小的部分,。進一步的研究表明,,兩棲動物B細胞保留著消化特性的重要部分。
??Sunyer說:“兩棲類和魚類的免疫系統(tǒng)不比我們的免疫系統(tǒng)先進,,只有你有一個未發(fā)育的合適免疫系統(tǒng)時,,才有助于更多的吞噬細胞來補償,,這就是400多萬年前發(fā)生在魚身上的現(xiàn)象。”
??在過去,,研究更“原始”物種免疫系統(tǒng)的研究者通過研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類和其他哺乳動物與免疫應答有關的關鍵分子和途徑,。例如,B細胞本身在1960年首次在雞中發(fā)現(xiàn),。根據(jù)Sunyer,,Penn不僅對魚免疫細胞的進化和功能的理解有著重要作用,而且也為哺乳動物B細胞新作用提供了新思路,。
??“在這點上,,我們不能排除吞噬性B細胞小亞群的可能性,或許,,魚類現(xiàn)在的殘留在哺乳動物體內(nèi)仍然存在,,”Snuyer說。
??他們這些發(fā)現(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)上也有關聯(lián),。例如,,當前農(nóng)場鮭魚疫苗適合魚的免疫應答,這項研究比以前認為的具有更小的魚類免疫系統(tǒng),。
??Sunyer說:“如果我們能產(chǎn)生刺激吞噬性B細胞對感染作出應答的疫苗的話,,我們就能駕御魚類免疫性的強度,長期來看,,農(nóng)業(yè)越發(fā)達,,對魚產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境噪音就越大,所以就需要更好的疫苗使魚類免受毀壞增加漁民的收入,。”
??毫無疑問,,盡管行為不同,魚B細胞代表著哺乳動物B細胞少許先進的版本,。Snuyer發(fā)現(xiàn)細胞結構被用來限定存在于魚B細胞的人類B細胞,,這就是為什么他們一開始不能被當作B細胞標志的原因。
??Sunyer說:“這里,,我們有免疫系統(tǒng),、原始吞噬細胞的部分照片,免疫系統(tǒng)在過去比現(xiàn)在扮演了更復雜的角色,,我們要通過在所有生物體中間研究免疫系統(tǒng)來獲悉我們的健康還需要一定的時間,。”
英文原文:
Link between Fish and Mammal Immune Systems Revealed by Killer B cells
An evolutionary link between the immune systems of fish and mammals in the form of a primitive version of B cells, white blood cells of the immune system has been discovered by researchers from the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine.
Their studies link the evolution of the adaptive immune system in mammals, where B cells produce antibodies to fight infection, to the more primitive innate immunity in fish, where they found that B cells take part in phagocytosis (literally: cell eating), the process by which cells of the immune system ingest foreign particles and microbes.
The finding, which appears in the online version of Nature Immunology and will be featured on the cover of the October issue, represents a sizeable evolutionary step for the mammalian immune system and offers a potential new strategy for developing much-needed fish vaccines. "When examining fish B cells we see them actively attacking and eating foreign bodies, which is a behavior that, according to the current dogma, just shouldn't happen in B cells," said J. Oriol Sunyer, a professor in Penn Vet's Department of Pathobiology. "I believe it is evidence for a very real connection between the most primitive forms of immunological defense, which has survived in fish, and the more advanced, adaptive immune response seen in humans and other mammals."
About 400 million years ago, the earliest ancestors of modern fish split off of the evolutionary pathway that became the earliest ancestors of modern mammals. In modern mammals, the B cell is a highly adapted part of the immune system chiefly responsible for, among other things, the creation of antibodies that tag foreign particles and microbes for destruction. Mammals have phagocytic cells, but they are a specialized few cells identified apart from the complex interactions that drive other white blood