在受到寄生蟲、病毒等病原體的攻擊時,,動物最常見的做法是通過免疫系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行抵抗,。不過,英國科學(xué)家對小鼠的一項最新研究表明,,宿主抵御入侵還有另外一種選擇,,那就是妥協(xié),逐漸進(jìn)化為與入侵者共同生存,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)有望加深科學(xué)家對進(jìn)化和傳染病擴(kuò)散的理解,,并創(chuàng)造出更優(yōu)良的家畜品種。相關(guān)論文發(fā)表在11月2日的《科學(xué)》雜志上,。
植物有兩種對付病原的策略:發(fā)展出強大的防御機(jī)制來進(jìn)行抵抗,,或者忍耐并盡量減少入侵者造成的傷害,,比如它們會增加自身的光合作用,,促進(jìn)能量存儲。很少有植物能夠同時利用這兩種方式,。
為了弄清動物是否也會做出類似的選擇,,英國愛丁堡大學(xué)的生態(tài)學(xué)家Lars Råberg和同事讓5種小鼠感染上能導(dǎo)致瘧疾的寄生蟲。隨后,,研究人員對這些小鼠的健康狀況進(jìn)行了監(jiān)控,,并測量了它們貧血和體重減輕的情況,這與血管中寄生蟲的總量相關(guān),。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,與植物類似,這些小鼠也會采取強硬或者妥協(xié)兩種方式,。隨著宿主體內(nèi)寄生蟲數(shù)量的加倍,,一些小鼠種系會比另一些更加健康,這表明它們發(fā)展出了忍耐病原體的方法,。此外,,還有一些種系的小鼠能夠保持寄生蟲數(shù)量處于較低的水平,這說明它們能夠主動地抵御感染,。
不過,,研究人員注意到,一種小鼠不會同時采取抵御策略與妥協(xié)策略,,也就是無法“軟硬兼施”,。那些能夠更頑強進(jìn)行抵御的小鼠,對寄生蟲的忍耐力卻更差。與忍耐性強的小鼠相比,,它們的體重會減輕更多,,而且變得更加貧血。Råberg表示,,這一現(xiàn)象或許說明,,小鼠主導(dǎo)妥協(xié)策略和抵抗策略的深層遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制是不同的。此外,,新的發(fā)現(xiàn)還揭示出病原體進(jìn)化的重要特征,,即如果宿主選擇妥協(xié),它們就不會急于發(fā)展出更強的致命性,。同時,,妥協(xié)并不是一種十分理想的策略,因為如果機(jī)體不破壞殺滅這些病原體,,它們就更有可能發(fā)生傳播和擴(kuò)散,。
美國杜克大學(xué)的進(jìn)化生物學(xué)家Mark Rausher表示,新的發(fā)現(xiàn)有望影響家畜培育策略,,讓雞和豬具有更大的忍耐性或許能更好地抵御病原攻擊,。(科學(xué)網(wǎng) 任霄鵬/編譯)
原始出處:
Science 2 November 2007:
Vol. 318. no. 5851, pp. 812 - 814
DOI: 10.1126/science.1148526
Disentangling Genetic Variation for Resistance and Tolerance to Infectious Diseases in Animals
Lars Råberg,1,2* Derek Sim,1 Andrew F. Read1
Hosts can in principle employ two different strategies to defend themselves against parasites: resistance and tolerance. Animals typically exhibit considerable genetic variation for resistance (the ability to limit parasite burden). However, little is known about whether animals can evolve tolerance (the ability to limit the damage caused by a given parasite burden). Using rodent malaria in laboratory mice as a model system and the statistical framework developed by plant-pathogen biologists, we demonstrated genetic variation for tolerance, as measured by the extent to which anemia and weight loss increased with increasing parasite burden. Moreover, resistance and tolerance were negatively genetically correlated. These results mean that animals, like plants, can evolve two conceptually different types of defense, a finding that has important implications for the understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of infectious diseases.
1 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
2 Department of Animal Ecology, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
Present address: Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Departments of Biology and Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]