最近由美國UT southwestern medical center組成的科研小組在一項小鼠試驗中發(fā)現(xiàn),,腸壁上的一種單分子,,經(jīng)腸道菌代謝物激活之后,,在控制體重上起著至關重要的作用,直接決定動物的胖瘦,。
激活之后的單分子,,減緩食物通過腸道的速度,使得動物可以吸收更多營養(yǎng),,從而獲得更多體重,。但是,如果沒有激活信號,,動物的體重則會較輕,。
此項研究顯示,細菌副產(chǎn)物不僅可以作為營養(yǎng)來源,,也可以作為調(diào)節(jié)身體機能的化學信號,。研究者說,這也提出了控制體重的一種潛在方法,。
“可以通過阻礙腸道內(nèi)受體分子來控制能量的吸收,,進而與某種類型的肥胖作斗爭。Masashi Yanagisawa 博士說,,他是Ut southwestern 分子遺傳學的教授,,也是《國家科學學會學報(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)》網(wǎng)上發(fā)表的一項研究的高級合著者,。
人類,,和其他動物一樣,,腸道內(nèi)也寄生著大量種類繁多的益生菌。這些細菌分解腸道無法消化的大分子,,這樣,,主體就可以吸收分解后的小分子,進而獲取能量和營養(yǎng),。
“我們腸道內(nèi)細菌的數(shù)量遠遠大于我們體內(nèi)所有細胞數(shù)量的總和,。”Yanagisawa 說。“這確實是互利的關系,。我們?yōu)榧毦峁┦澄?,細菌則為我們提供能量和營養(yǎng)。”他解釋道,。
研究者以小鼠為實驗對象,,集中研究了兩種細菌。這兩種細菌把食物纖維分解成所謂的短鏈脂肪酸,。Yanagisawa 博士研究小組之前已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)短鏈脂肪酸附著在一種腸壁受體分子上并激活此受體—Gpr41,。但是,對于Gpr41激活過程的生理學成果還知之甚少,。
研究者用兩種方法擾亂了細菌與主體間的交流:使小鼠處于無菌狀態(tài),,這樣,它們就缺乏細菌,;通過基因工程使小鼠缺乏Gpr41,,這樣它們就不能對細菌做出反應。
在這兩種情況下,,相比正常小鼠,,試驗小鼠會體重減少,體格變瘦,,盡管他們吃的一樣多,。
研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn),在沒有Gpr41的小鼠腸道內(nèi),,食物通過地更快,。他們假設,Gpr41的某種行為可以減緩食物前進,,從而更多的營養(yǎng)就會被吸收,。這樣,如果受體分子沒能被激活,,食物就會更快的通過腸道并被排出,,動物也就只能從中獲取很少的營養(yǎng),。
因為完全缺失Gpr41的小鼠仍然是健康的,并且具有胃腸功能,,所以受體分子有可能就是減緩,,而非阻斷能量吸收的藥物的目標。Yanagisawa 博士說,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
PNAS October 17, 2008, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0808567105
Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41
Buck S. Samuel, Abdullah Shaito, Toshiyuki Motoike, Federico E. Rey, Fredrik Backhed, Jill K. Manchester, Robert E. Hammer, S. Clay Williams, Jan Crowley, Masashi Yanagisawa, and Jeffrey I. Gordon
The distal human intestine harbors trillions of microbes that allow us to extract calories from otherwise indigestible dietary polysaccharides. The products of polysaccharide fermentation include short-chain fatty acids that are ligands for Gpr41, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed by a subset of enteroendocrine cells in the gut epithelium. To examine the contribution of Gpr41 to energy balance, we compared Gpr41−/− and Gpr41+/+ mice that were either conventionally-raised with a complete gut microbiota or were reared germ-free and then cocolonized as young adults with two prominent members of the human distal gut microbial community: the saccharolytic bacterium, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and the methanogenic archaeon, Methanobrevibacter smithii. Both conventionally-raised and gnotobiotic Gpr41−/− mice colonized with the model fermentative community are significantly leaner and weigh less than their WT (+/+) littermates, despite similar levels of chow consumption. These differences are not evident when germ-free WT and germ-free Gpr41 knockout animals are compared. Functional genomic, biochemical, and physiologic studies of germ-free and cocolonized Gpr41−/− and +/+ littermates disclosed that Gpr41-deficiency is associated with reduced expression of PYY, an enteroendocrine cell-derived hormone that normally inhibits gut motility, increased intestinal transit rate, and reduced harvest of energy (short-chain fatty acids) from the diet. These results reveal that Gpr41 is a regulator of host energy balance through effects that are dependent upon the gut microbiota.