太空生物學(xué)家在南非姆波內(nèi)格金礦深處發(fā)現(xiàn)了一群被稱(chēng)為“勇敢的旅行者”的小蟲(chóng),小蟲(chóng)的“家”與世隔絕,,溫度高達(dá)60攝氏度,,沒(méi)有光照和氧氣,科學(xué)家認(rèn)為它們可能是人類(lèi)尋找其他星球生命跡象的“鑰匙”,,該發(fā)現(xiàn)登載于近期的《科學(xué)》(Science)雜志上,。
美國(guó)加州勞倫斯伯克利國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室的德蘭·齊文將這些小蟲(chóng)稱(chēng)為“Candidatus Desulforudisaudaxviator”細(xì)菌群。他發(fā)現(xiàn)其中99.9%的DNA屬于一種新細(xì)菌,。美國(guó)航空航天局太空生物局主任卡爾?費(fèi)切爾說(shuō):“這群生物僅包含一個(gè)物種,,顛覆了微生物生態(tài)的一個(gè)基本原則。”在微生物世界,,單一物種“社區(qū)”幾乎不存在,,因?yàn)檫@意味著該生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的唯一物種必須從別的“死”環(huán)境中攫取生存所需。
齊文的分析顯示,,D.audaxviator從周?chē)鷰r石的鈾放射衰變中得到能量,有的基因從溶解的二氧化碳中提取碳,,有的基因固氮,,碳、氧都來(lái)自于周?chē)膸r石,,也有的基因生產(chǎn)自己所需的氨基酸,。“堅(jiān)硬外衣”孢子內(nèi)壁保護(hù)其DNA和RNA不變得干燥、免遭有毒化學(xué)物質(zhì)的襲擊,,也有鞭毛來(lái)幫助其游動(dòng),。
齊文認(rèn)為:“當(dāng)我們考慮是否其他星球可以讓生命存活時(shí),我們會(huì)問(wèn),,微生物能離開(kāi)陽(yáng)光獨(dú)立存活嗎,?是的,這就是證據(jù),,這類(lèi)有機(jī)物能在火星或土星表面存活,。”
齊文說(shuō),當(dāng)D.audaxviator落到巖石里時(shí),,可能已經(jīng)進(jìn)化好,,然后通過(guò)水平基因轉(zhuǎn)移(水平基因轉(zhuǎn)移是指在差異生物個(gè)體之間,或單個(gè)細(xì)胞內(nèi)部細(xì)胞器之間所進(jìn)行的遺傳物質(zhì)的交流)獲得古生菌基因而進(jìn)化,,這同地球上大多數(shù)細(xì)菌基因進(jìn)行的“代代轉(zhuǎn)移”的垂直基因轉(zhuǎn)移不同,。他說(shuō):“它生存的‘水床’已有300萬(wàn)年沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)陽(yáng)光了,這說(shuō)明它的壽命相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)。” (生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Science,,Vol. 322. no. 5899, pp. 275 - 278,,Dylan Chivian,Tullis C. Onstott
Environmental Genomics Reveals a Single-Species Ecosystem Deep Within Earth
Dylan Chivian,1,2* Eoin L. Brodie,2,3 Eric J. Alm,2,4 David E. Culley,5 Paramvir S. Dehal,1,2 Todd Z. DeSantis,2,3 Thomas M. Gihring,6 Alla Lapidus,7 Li-Hung Lin,8 Stephen R. Lowry,7 Duane P. Moser,9 Paul M. Richardson,7 Gordon Southam,10 Greg Wanger,10 Lisa M. Pratt,11,12 Gary L. Andersen,2,3 Terry C. Hazen,2,3,12 Fred J. Brockman,13 Adam P. Arkin,1,2,14 Tullis C. Onstott12,15
DNA from low-biodiversity fracture water collected at 2.8-kilometer depth in a South African gold mine was sequenced and assembled into a single, complete genome. This bacterium, Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator, composes >99.9% of the microorganisms inhabiting the fluid phase of this particular fracture. Its genome indicates a motile, sporulating, sulfate-reducing, chemoautotrophic thermophile that can fix its own nitrogen and carbon by using machinery shared with archaea. Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator is capable of an independent life-style well suited to long-term isolation from the photosphere deep within Earth's crust and offers an example of a natural ecosystem that appears to have its biological component entirely encoded within a single genome.