一些人認(rèn)為,,食用生肉令人更強(qiáng)壯,更具男子氣概,。美國(guó)哈佛大學(xué)研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,熟肉提供的能量高于生肉。
研究人員認(rèn)定,,烹飪是早期人類身材高大,、體魄強(qiáng)壯和頭腦聰明的關(guān)鍵之一。
熟食能量高
研究人員給兩組小鼠分別喂食未經(jīng)烹飪和烹飪后的牛肉?;蚣t薯塊,,以測(cè)試熟食和生食能量差異。結(jié)果顯示,,不論活動(dòng)量多少,,食用熟食的小鼠吃得少,體重增長(zhǎng)多,。這說(shuō)明,,無(wú)論肉或蔬菜,熟食向身體輸送的能量更高,。
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),,人們認(rèn)為,烹飪作為人類獨(dú)家本領(lǐng),,旨在讓食物便于咀嚼,。這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果顯示,烹飪幫助身體細(xì)胞獲得更多能量,,推動(dòng)更根本的生物變化,。
在由美國(guó)《國(guó)家科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》10月7日發(fā)表的報(bào)告中,研究人員寫道,,人類大約250萬(wàn)年前開(kāi)始食用肉類,,大約190萬(wàn)年前身體發(fā)生突變,身材更高大,,大腦體積增大,,結(jié)構(gòu)更復(fù)雜,更適應(yīng)長(zhǎng)距離奔跑,。
先前,,學(xué)者們把這些進(jìn)化歸功于人類食用更多肉類。英國(guó)《每日郵報(bào)》7日援引哈佛大學(xué)研究人員的話報(bào)道,,發(fā)生這些變化的時(shí)間與人類學(xué)會(huì)控制火和烹飪的時(shí)間吻合,。
益消化吸收
研究人員解釋說(shuō),,烹飪過(guò)程改變?nèi)獾男再|(zhì),使蛋白質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)變得松散,,便于消化道內(nèi)的酸和酶消化,。如果肉進(jìn)入腸道時(shí),大部分未經(jīng)消化,,就無(wú)法進(jìn)入下一步消化和吸收,,無(wú)法轉(zhuǎn)化成身體所需能量,反而開(kāi)始與腸道細(xì)菌“作戰(zhàn)”,。
研究人員給小鼠分別喂食經(jīng)過(guò)烹飪,、生的或者碾碎的牛肉和紅薯,再檢查小鼠體重,,發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)論小鼠如何運(yùn)動(dòng),,那些食用熟食的小鼠明顯長(zhǎng)大。食用碾碎生食的小鼠盡管體重有所增加,,效果不如食用熟食的小鼠,,可見(jiàn)烹飪的益處顯著大于碾碎。早期人類在懂得烹飪前也常碾碎食物后進(jìn)食,。
報(bào)告主要作者雷切爾·卡莫迪說(shuō):“即便食用的量少一些,,熟食給身體提供的能量更多,我們假定這同樣適用于人體,。”
烹飪益處大
卡莫迪說(shuō),,人每天花費(fèi)諸多精力處理食物,清洗,、切割,、烹飪,令人吃驚的是,,人們不知道從食物中獲取的能量有什么作用,,而獲得能量是我們進(jìn)食的首要原因。
哈佛大學(xué)理查德·蘭厄姆教授說(shuō),,更多證據(jù)表明,,細(xì)菌吃掉了我們所攝取食物的一部分精華。事實(shí)上,,研究結(jié)果顯示,,人類若想從食物中獲得更大益處,與細(xì)菌爭(zhēng)食,,方法之一是加工食物,,烹飪是加工途徑之一。
研究人員說(shuō),,這項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題,,即食物包裝上標(biāo)注的熱量和一些飲食建議并未考慮食物加工方式,而這對(duì)食物真正的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值有較大影響,。(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1073/pnas.1112128108
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PMID:
Energetic consequences of thermal and nonthermal food processing
Rachel N. Carmody, Gil S. Weintraub, and Richard W. Wrangham
Processing food extensively by thermal and nonthermal techniques is a unique and universal human practice. Food processing increases palatability and edibility and has been argued to increase energy gain. Although energy gain is a well-known effect from cooking starch-rich foods, the idea that cooking meat increases energy gain has never been tested. Moreover, the relative energetic advantages of cooking and nonthermal processing have not been assessed, whether for meat or starch-rich foods. Here, we describe a system for characterizing the energetic effects of cooking and nonthermal food processing. Using mice as a model, we show that cooking substantially increases the energy gained from meat, leading to elevations in body mass that are not attributable to differences in food intake or activity levels. The positive energetic effects of cooking were found to be superior to the effects of pounding in both meat and starch-rich tubers, a conclusion further supported by food preferences in fasted animals. Our results indicate significant contributions from cooking to both modern and ancestral human energy budgets. They also illuminate a weakness in current food labeling practices, which systematically overestimate the caloric potential of poorly processed foods.