抗甲氧苯青霉素金黃色葡萄球菌(MRSA)——通常無害的金黃色葡萄球菌的一種耐藥形式——每年在美國導(dǎo)致18000人死亡,,以及76000多人患病,。這種細(xì)菌主要在醫(yī)院傳播,,但在學(xué)校,、監(jiān)獄和更衣室也會(huì)感染這種細(xì)菌——據(jù)估計(jì),,1.5%的美國人在他們的鼻子中攜帶了MRSA,。所有這一切都導(dǎo)致人們?nèi)找骊P(guān)注抗生素在農(nóng)業(yè)中的使用,,這種做法有可能使全世界數(shù)以億計(jì)的食用動(dòng)物成為耐藥微生物的宿主。
如果你愿意為不含殺蟲劑和抗生素的肉類支付額外費(fèi)用,,那么你可能也會(huì)認(rèn)為它們同樣不含抗藥性細(xì)菌,。然而一項(xiàng)新的研究指出,事實(shí)并非如此,。研究人員已然發(fā)現(xiàn),,地球上最危險(xiǎn)耐藥細(xì)菌的流行,在標(biāo)有“無抗生素養(yǎng)殖”的零售豬肉產(chǎn)品和傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)殖得到的豬肉中是非常類似的,。
從事葡萄球菌在人與動(dòng)物間傳播研究的美國愛荷華大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院的流行病學(xué)家Tara Smith于是便尋思,,肉類食品是否代表了另一種傳播模式。在一項(xiàng)于1月出版的《科學(xué)公共圖書館—綜合》(PLoS ONE)上發(fā)表的新研究中,,她和同事在兩個(gè)養(yǎng)豬大州——愛荷華州與明尼蘇達(dá)州——以及人口最稠密的新澤西州的36家不同商店中購買了各種各樣的豬肉產(chǎn)品,,總計(jì)395份。
在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中,,研究小組將肉類樣本與一種細(xì)菌生長介質(zhì)混合在一起,,從而使任何已有的細(xì)菌都能夠生長。
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,64.8%的樣本呈葡萄球菌株陽性,,6.6%的樣本呈MRSA陽性。而被感染的比例在用傳統(tǒng)方法飼養(yǎng)的豬(300個(gè)樣本中有19例)和那些被標(biāo)記有無抗生素的豬(95個(gè)樣本中有7例)中是類似的,?;蚍中徒Y(jié)果鑒定出幾種眾所周知的菌株,其中包括所謂的牲畜相關(guān)MRSA(ST398),,以及常見的人類菌株,;所有這些菌株在傳統(tǒng)飼養(yǎng)以及無抗生素的豬肉中都被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
Smith表示,,她對于這一結(jié)果感到很驚訝,,這是因?yàn)榫哂锌顾幮缘募?xì)菌通常都存在于那些用傳統(tǒng)方法養(yǎng)殖的豬場中,。
Smith說,這一研究揭示了從農(nóng)場到餐桌的路徑上的一個(gè)重要數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn),,然而這些肉類食品中的MRSA來源尚不清楚,。“這是很難搞清楚的。”耐藥細(xì)菌的傳播可能發(fā)生在抗生素使用與無抗生素操作之間,,或者來自于農(nóng)場工人自身,。另一種可能是傳播發(fā)生在肉食加工廠中。她說:“加工廠被認(rèn)為在處理傳統(tǒng)豬肉和有機(jī)豬肉之間已經(jīng)被清理干凈,。但事實(shí)如何誰又知道呢,?”
在最近的另一項(xiàng)研究中,來自美國印第安納州普渡大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,傳統(tǒng)飼養(yǎng)得到的牛肉與青草喂養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物感染耐抗生素大腸桿菌的可能性是相同的,。而在同樣是由他們完成的第二項(xiàng)研究中,標(biāo)注“無抗生素添加”的禽肉制品同樣攜帶了耐藥的大腸桿菌和腸球菌,。
主持上述兩項(xiàng)研究的普渡大學(xué)食品安全專家Paul Ebner表示:“真正的問題是,,它們來自于何方,是農(nóng)場時(shí)期,,還是后農(nóng)場時(shí)期,?”并且最大的問題是,他說,,“這對人類健康有影響嗎,?”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030092
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MRSA in Conventional and Alternative Retail Pork Products
Ashley M. O'Brien,Blake M. Hanson,Sarah A. Farina,, James Y. Wu, Jacob E. Simmering,Shylo E. Wardyn,Brett M. Forshey,Marie E. Kulick, David B. Wallinga, Tara C. Smith,
In order to examine the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus on retail pork, three hundred ninety-five pork samples were collected from a total of 36 stores in Iowa, Minnesota, and New Jersey. S. aureus was isolated from 256 samples (64.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 59.9%–69.5%). S. aureus was isolated from 67.3% (202/300) of conventional pork samples and from 56.8% (54/95) of alternative pork samples (labeled “raised without antibiotics” or “raised without antibiotic growth promotants”). Two hundred and thirty samples (58.2%, 95% CI 53.2%–63.1%) were found to carry methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). MSSA was isolated from 61.0% (183/300) of conventional samples and from 49.5% (47/95) of alternative samples. Twenty-six pork samples (6.6%, 95% CI 4.3%–9.5%) carried methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). No statistically significant differences were observed for the prevalence of S. aureus in general, or MSSA or MRSA specifically, when comparing pork products from conventionally raised swine and swine raised without antibiotics, a finding that contrasts with a prior study from the Netherlands examining both conventional and “biologic” meat products. In our study spa types associated with “livestock-associated” ST398 (t034, t011) were found in 26.9% of the MRSA isolates, while 46.2% were spa types t002 and t008—common human types of MRSA that also have been found in live swine. The study represents the largest sampling of raw meat products for MRSA contamination to date in the U.S. MRSA prevalence on pork products was higher than in previous U.S.-conducted studies, although similar to that in Canadian studies.