Image:Phage
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近日,來自瑞士洛桑聯(lián)邦理工大學(xué)(EPFL)的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)了病毒可以用1納米的針狀結(jié)構(gòu)來攻擊細(xì)菌,。一種φ92家族的噬菌體可以發(fā)揮其特殊的能力來攻擊沙門氏菌和大腸桿菌,,噬菌體使用其似針狀的接頭刺入細(xì)菌的細(xì)胞膜,最終來引起細(xì)菌死亡,。EPFL的研究者測量了噬菌體的這種微型武器的尺寸,,發(fā)現(xiàn)這種類似針狀的接頭尺寸在納米級別,,相當(dāng)于氦原子核直徑的20倍。相關(guān)研究成果刊登在了近日的Cell子刊雜志Structure上,。
φ92噬菌體這種穿刺武器由相同的三股蛋白質(zhì)鏈所組成,,三股蛋白鏈相互纏繞可以形成尖銳的附件結(jié)構(gòu)從而來深入細(xì)菌的細(xì)胞膜中。研究者表示,,這種針狀結(jié)構(gòu)在φ92的噬菌體中都存在,。噬菌體一般是由衣殼和附屬物構(gòu)成,而這種針狀結(jié)構(gòu)一般位于病毒的最遠(yuǎn)端,,來發(fā)揮穿刺的作用,。
噬菌體首先識別糖類和蛋白質(zhì)吸附到宿主細(xì)菌的表面,然后類似于腳的附屬物便開始行使其作用,。于此同時,,噬菌體的穿刺結(jié)構(gòu)便會刺穿細(xì)菌的細(xì)胞膜,然后噬菌體將自身的遺傳物質(zhì)注射入細(xì)菌體內(nèi),,并且在細(xì)菌細(xì)胞內(nèi)開始增殖,,最終等新的噬菌體生成之后,眾多噬菌體便會破壞宿主的細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu),,釋放出來,。
通過運用X射線晶體學(xué)技術(shù),研究者們確定了噬菌體精確的針狀結(jié)構(gòu),,又進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充了關(guān)于φ92噬菌體的相關(guān)研究信息,。研究者們突發(fā)奇想,既然噬菌體可以用其特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)來攻擊細(xì)菌,,致使細(xì)菌死亡,,那么我們就可以用噬菌體來替代傳統(tǒng)抗生素,來治療細(xì)菌的感染,,當(dāng)然,,相關(guān)研究有待于后期進(jìn)一步探索。
(生物谷:T.Shen編譯)
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doi:10.1016/j.str.2011.12.009
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PMID:
Phage Pierces the Host Cell Membrane with the Iron-Loaded Spike
Christopher Browning, Mikhail M. Shneider, Valorie D. Bowman, David Schwarzer, Petr G. Leiman
Bacteriophages with contractile tails and the bacterial type VI secretion system have been proposed to use a special protein to create an opening in the host cell membrane during infection. These proteins have a modular architecture but invariably contain an oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB-fold) domain and a long β-helical C-terminal domain, which initiates the contact with the host cell membrane. Using X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy, we report the atomic structure of the membrane-piercing proteins from bacteriophages P2 and 92 and identify the residues that constitute the membrane-attacking apex. Both proteins form compact spikes with a 10Å diameter tip that is stabilized by a centrally positioned iron ion bound by six histidine residues. The accumulated data strongly suggest that, in the process of membrane penetration, the spikes are translocated through the lipid bilayer without undergoing major unfolding.