生物遭受外界環(huán)境刺激后,,相關(guān)基因往往會(huì)發(fā)生表達(dá)水平的適應(yīng)性變化,,以維持正常的生命活動(dòng),。然而,誘導(dǎo)表達(dá)并非只是簡(jiǎn)單的“開(kāi)-關(guān)”過(guò)程,,其動(dòng)力學(xué)特征和調(diào)控機(jī)制非常復(fù)雜,。其中,脈沖式表達(dá)(surge)模式普遍存在于病原菌毒力因子表達(dá),、動(dòng)物激素的產(chǎn)生和癌癥發(fā)展過(guò)程中腫瘤壞死因子的表達(dá)等重要生理生化過(guò)程中,。針對(duì)脈沖式表達(dá)的過(guò)程及精細(xì)調(diào)控分子機(jī)制的研究還十分匱乏。
雙組分信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)是細(xì)菌細(xì)胞最重要的感應(yīng)外界環(huán)境刺激的分子機(jī)制,,曾被國(guó)內(nèi)外研究者形象地比喻為細(xì)菌的“神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)”,。細(xì)菌細(xì)胞一般編碼數(shù)個(gè)到數(shù)百個(gè)雙組分信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)蛋白,其數(shù)量多少直接反映了不同細(xì)菌“智商(IQ)”的高低 (Galperin, 2005. BMC Microbiology),。該信號(hào)系統(tǒng)由組氨酸激酶和反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白兩部分組成,,通過(guò)蛋白質(zhì)磷酸化修飾完成信號(hào)的跨膜傳遞。
野油菜黃單胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris)基因組一共編碼106個(gè)雙組分信號(hào)系統(tǒng)蛋白,,是一種“IQ”非常高的植物病原細(xì)菌,。在對(duì)該細(xì)菌的雙組分信號(hào)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行比較與功能基因組分析的基礎(chǔ)上,中科院微生物研究所的研究人員鑒定到一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)特的組氨酸激酶SreS,。SreS除了具有組氨酸激酶的保守蛋白結(jié)構(gòu)外,,還編碼2個(gè)類(lèi)似反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu),是一種雜合性質(zhì)的組氨酸激酶,。有意思的是,,在細(xì)菌受到高鹽脅迫的過(guò)程中,SreS并不發(fā)揮激酶的功能去直接磷酸化另外一個(gè)反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白SreR,,而是作為SreR的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者(phosphate sink),,利用其復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)反應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié)蛋白部件(REC1)從SreR的伙伴激酶SreK處將磷酸基因競(jìng)爭(zhēng)過(guò)來(lái),導(dǎo)致SreK-SreR雙組分信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的蛋白質(zhì)磷酸化過(guò)程受阻,,造成SreR的脫磷酸化,。SreS, SreK, SreR和參與葉酸代謝的蛋白HPPK由同一個(gè)操縱子編碼,受到2個(gè)啟動(dòng)子元件的協(xié)同控制。SreR脫磷酸化后會(huì)激活其中的一個(gè)啟動(dòng)子,,使基因的表達(dá)水平在脅迫誘導(dǎo)基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)生一次“躍遷”,,從而表現(xiàn)出脈沖式的表達(dá)模式。研究者同時(shí)還證明,,如果這一脈沖式的表達(dá)受到干擾,細(xì)菌抵抗脅迫的能力嚴(yán)重下降,。因此,,上述調(diào)控過(guò)程是細(xì)菌細(xì)胞應(yīng)對(duì)外界環(huán)境刺激的重要分子機(jī)制之一。由SreS,、SreK和SreR構(gòu)成的“三組分信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”比“雙組分信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”更加復(fù)雜,,有利于細(xì)菌通過(guò)更多的途徑與方式對(duì)自身生理活動(dòng)進(jìn)行精細(xì)調(diào)節(jié)。
雙組分信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu),、調(diào)控功能與進(jìn)化是微生物所錢(qián)韋課題組的主攻研究方向之一,。本研究主要由該組2010級(jí)博士研究生王芳芳完成,曾獲得國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金等項(xiàng)目的資助,,目前已在線(xiàn)發(fā)表于微生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域國(guó)際期刊Environmental Microbiology(生物谷Bioon.com),。
生物谷推薦的英文摘要
Environmental Microbiology DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12293
A three-component signaling system finetunes expression kinetics of HPPK responsible for folate synthesis by positive feedback loop during stress response of Xanthomonas campestris
Fang-Fang Wang1,2,, Chao-Ying Deng1,,2, Zhen Cai1,,2,, Ting Wang1, Li Wang1,,Xiao-Zheng Wang1,,3, Xiao-Ying Chen1,, Rong-Xiang Fang1,, Wei Qian1,*
During adaptation to environments,, bacteria employ two-component signal transduction systems,, which contain histidine kinases and response regulators, to sense and respond to exogenous and cellular stimuli in an accurate spatiotemporal manner. Although the protein phosphorylation process between histidine kinase and response regulator has been well documented,, the molecular mechanism finetuning phosphorylation levels of response regulators is comparatively less studied. Here we combined genetic and biochemical approaches to reveal that a hybrid histidine kinase,, SreS, is involved in the SreK-SreR phosphotransfer process to control salt stress response in the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. The N-terminal receiver domain of SreS acts as a phosphate sink by competing with the response regulator SreR to accept the phosphoryl group from the latter's cognate histidine kinase SreK. This regulatory process is critical for bacterial survival because the dephosphorylated SreR protein participates in activating one of the tandem promoters (P2) at the 5′ end of the sreK-sreR-sreS-hppK operon,, and then modulates a transcriptional surge of the stress responsive gene hppK,, which is required for folic acid synthesis. Therefore, our study dissects the biochemical process of a positive feedback loop in which a “three-component” signaling system finetunes expression kinetics of downstream genes.