(封面圖片:肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維加帽蛋白通過(guò)改變肌動(dòng)蛋白網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)生,。)
真核細(xì)胞需要肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維網(wǎng)絡(luò)來(lái)控制并維持其形態(tài)及內(nèi)部構(gòu)造,,而形成這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的第一步是新肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維的成核,。多種細(xì)胞因子都具備形成新肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維的能力,,并且每種因子都能形成一種特定的網(wǎng)絡(luò),。其中研究最多的是肌動(dòng)蛋白相關(guān)蛋白2/3復(fù)合物(Arp2/3),,Arp2/3通過(guò)在已經(jīng)存在的纖維周圍聚集新纖維來(lái)形成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。為了產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動(dòng)力,,并移動(dòng)細(xì)胞膜,,Arp2/3需要其它蛋白的協(xié)助,,其中包括加帽蛋白(capping protein,,CP)。
加帽蛋白是成核Arp2/3網(wǎng)絡(luò)的重要組成成分,,肌動(dòng)蛋白網(wǎng)絡(luò)能驅(qū)動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)生,。傳統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為,快速的運(yùn)動(dòng)需要肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維快速增長(zhǎng),,因此,,CP能通過(guò)在細(xì)胞中大部分的肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維快速生長(zhǎng)的鉤端加帽,從而增加穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)肌動(dòng)蛋白單體的濃度,。而增加的單體濃度能導(dǎo)致剩余的少量未加帽肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維更快速延長(zhǎng),,從而形成更快速的運(yùn)動(dòng)。然而以上理論從未得到實(shí)驗(yàn)的驗(yàn)證,。
為了驗(yàn)證以上假說(shuō),,并更好了解Arp2/3復(fù)合體及CP之間的相互作用,來(lái)自美國(guó)的一組科學(xué)家進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的研究,,并在2008年5月30日出版的《細(xì)胞》(Cell)上發(fā)表了他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,。實(shí)驗(yàn)中,科學(xué)家利用純化的組分再造了肌動(dòng)蛋白運(yùn)動(dòng),。研究人員將外層鍍有ActA(從單核細(xì)胞增多性李斯特氏菌 Listeria monocytogenes中得到的一種Arp2/3活化蛋白)的聚苯乙烯小球和五種純化的因子混合,,這五種因子包括:細(xì)胞質(zhì)肌動(dòng)蛋白、Arp2/3復(fù)合體,、CP,、絲切蛋白cofilin、以及單體結(jié)合蛋白profilin,。Cofilin通過(guò)水解ATP分解肌動(dòng)蛋白纖維,,而profilin催化肌動(dòng)蛋白單體間的核苷交換。
在實(shí)驗(yàn)中,,科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)覆蓋有ActA的小球首先球狀聚集肌動(dòng)蛋白外殼,,2-5分鐘后分解,研究小組通過(guò)變化濃度研究了Arp2/3與CP間的關(guān)系,,并分析了它們對(duì)肌動(dòng)蛋白網(wǎng)絡(luò)的形態(tài),、運(yùn)動(dòng)以及生物化學(xué)組成的作用,。最終,科學(xué)家得到兩個(gè)重要結(jié)論:首先,,CP作用是使肌動(dòng)蛋白單體遠(yuǎn)離鉤端,,并趨向于Arp2/3復(fù)合體,因此,,CP并非傳統(tǒng)理論描述的那樣,,是通過(guò)增加纖維長(zhǎng)度來(lái)促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。相反的,,CP通過(guò)Arp2/3復(fù)合體使更多纖維成核來(lái)促進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng),。其次,運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度與肌動(dòng)蛋白網(wǎng)絡(luò)的組裝速度可能是無(wú)關(guān)的,,運(yùn)動(dòng)速度很大程度上取決于CP和Arp2/3,,但肌動(dòng)蛋白組裝速度卻對(duì)這兩者的變化不敏感。換言之,,通過(guò)重構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu),,枝狀肌動(dòng)蛋白網(wǎng)能在同樣的組裝動(dòng)力學(xué)條件下支持不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度。(科學(xué)網(wǎng) 何宏輝/編譯)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Cell, Vol 133, 841-851, 30 May 2008
Article
Capping Protein Increases the Rate of Actin-Based Motility by Promoting Filament Nucleation by the Arp2/3 Complex
Orkun Akin1 and R. Dyche Mullins1,
1 Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Corresponding author
R. Dyche Mullins
[email protected]
Capping protein (CP) is an integral component of Arp2/3-nucleated actin networks that drive amoeboid motility. Increasing the concentration of capping protein, which caps barbed ends of actin filaments and prevents elongation, increases the rate of actin-based motility in vivo and in vitro. We studied the synergy between CP and Arp2/3 using an in vitro actin-based motility system reconstituted from purified proteins. We find that capping protein increases the rate of motility by promoting more frequent filament nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex and not by increasing the rate of filament elongation as previously suggested. One consequence of this coupling between capping and nucleation is that, while the rate of motility depends strongly on the concentration of CP and Arp2/3, the net rate of actin assembly is insensitive to changes in either factor. By reorganizing their architecture, dendritic actin networks harness the same assembly kinetics to drive different rates of motility.