2012年10月9日 訊 /生物谷BIOON/ --在年齡相關(guān)性黃斑變性中,因視網(wǎng)膜中的細(xì)胞退化而導(dǎo)致中央視力喪失,。在Stephen Tsang博士領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一項新研究提示著一種特殊的多能性干細(xì)胞可能能夠恢復(fù)視力或者阻止視力喪失,。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果于2012年在線發(fā)表在Molecular Medicine期刊上。
在這項治療失明的實驗性研究中,,研究人員利用病人的皮膚細(xì)胞開發(fā)出的療法能夠改善失明小鼠的視力,。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)提示著誘導(dǎo)性多能干細(xì)胞(induced pluripotent stem cell, iPSC)---利用成年人皮膚細(xì)胞獲得的,但具有胚胎干細(xì)胞性質(zhì)的干細(xì)胞---可能很快被用來恢復(fù)患有黃斑變性和其他影響眼睛視網(wǎng)膜的疾病的人們的視力,。
像胚胎干細(xì)胞一樣,,iPSC能夠產(chǎn)生任何一種類型的細(xì)胞。在最近幾年,,人們構(gòu)建出上千種不同的來自病人和健康人的iPSC細(xì)胞系,,但是它們幾乎總是用于研究或藥物篩選。迄今為止,,沒有iPSC移植到人們體內(nèi),,但是很多眼科專家說,,眼睛是測試iPSC療法的理想場所。
在Tsang博士的臨床前新iPSC研究中,,人iPSC是讓一名53歲供者的皮膚細(xì)胞經(jīng)過重編程而獲得的,,也是首次生長因子混合物將這種iPSC轉(zhuǎn)化為位于眼睛感光細(xì)胞底部的視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞。
這種視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞的主要作用就是滋潤感光細(xì)胞,,并且避免這種脆弱的細(xì)胞接觸到過量的光線,、熱量和細(xì)胞碎片。如果這種視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞死亡,,就像黃斑變性和視網(wǎng)膜色素變性(retinitis pigmentosa)中發(fā)生的那樣,,這種感光細(xì)胞(photoreceptor cell)發(fā)生退化,而且這些病人喪失視力,。
在這項研究中,,研究人員將這種利用iPSC獲得的視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞注射到34只小鼠的右眼中,其中這些小鼠因發(fā)生一種基因突變而導(dǎo)致它們自己的視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞發(fā)生退化,。
在很多動物中,,人細(xì)胞被移植到老年小鼠的視網(wǎng)膜之后能夠與后者整合在一起,同時不會產(chǎn)生破壞,,而且能夠作為正常的視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞發(fā)揮作用,。接受鹽水或失活細(xì)胞注射的對照小鼠在視網(wǎng)膜測試中并沒有表現(xiàn)出改善的跡象。
Tsang博士說,,“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)首次提供證據(jù)表明在視網(wǎng)膜退化的臨床前模式動物中,,利用干細(xì)胞移植能夠在一生當(dāng)中導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元復(fù)原,并且視力改善能夠持續(xù)終生,。更為重要的是,,我們在任何一只接受測試的小鼠體內(nèi)并沒有觀察到腫瘤產(chǎn)生,而人們關(guān)于干細(xì)胞移植的最大擔(dān)憂之一就是它們將產(chǎn)生腫瘤,。”
Tsang博士希望在模式動物體內(nèi)開展更多的臨床前測試之后接下來的三年內(nèi)開始黃斑變性病人的臨床試驗,。
人們已經(jīng)在早前利用胚胎干細(xì)胞獲得的視網(wǎng)膜細(xì)胞進(jìn)行的類似試驗中觀察到令人鼓舞的臨床前結(jié)果,并表明這種干細(xì)胞是安全的,,而且有潛力改善兩名黃斑變性病人的視力,。
Tsang博士說,“這些結(jié)果是可喜的,,但是iPSC可能要比胚胎干細(xì)胞更加吸引人,,這是因為病人可能并不需要藥物來阻止對移植細(xì)胞的排斥。”
不論哪種細(xì)胞發(fā)揮出更好的作用,,干細(xì)胞移植的前景可能意味著很多黃斑變性病人不會永遠(yuǎn)喪失他們的視力。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00242
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Long-term safety and efficacy of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS) grafts in a preclinical model of retinitis pigmentosa
Li Y, Tsai YT, Hsu CW, Erol D, Yang J, Wu WH, Davis RJ, Egli D, Tsang SH
The Food and Drug Administration has recently approved phase I/II clinical trials for ES cell-based retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) transplantation, but this allograft transplantation requires life-long immunosuppressive therapy. Autografts from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer an alternative solution to this problem. However, more data is required to establish the safety and efficacy of iPS transplantation in animal models before moving iPS therapy into clinical trials. This study examines the efficacy of iPS transplantation in restoring functional vision in Rpe65(rd12)/Rpe65(rd12) mice, a clinically-relevant model of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Human iPS cells were differentiated into morphologically and functionally RPE-like tissue. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblots confirmed RPE fate. The iPS-derived RPE cells were injected into the subretinal space of Rpe65(rd12)/Rpe65(rd12) mice at two days postnatally. After transplantation, the long-term surviving iPS-derived RPE graft colocalized with the host native RPE cells and assimilated into the host retina without disruption. None of the mice receiving transplants developed tumors over their lifetimes. Furthermore, electroretinography (ERG), a standard method for measuring efficacy in human trials, demonstrated improved visual function in recipients over the lifetime of this RP mouse model. Our study provides the first direct evidence of functional recovery in a clinically relevant model of retinal degeneration using iPS transplantation and supports the feasibility of autologous iPS cell transplantation for retinal and macular degenerations featuring significant RPE loss.