美國科學家在人類遺傳物質(zhì)中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新物質(zhì)并將其命名為“前核小體”,。科學家們認為,,這種新物質(zhì)是位于染色質(zhì)和核小體之間的中間物質(zhì),,新發(fā)現(xiàn)有望讓生物教科書小小地“變臉”。相關(guān)研究發(fā)表在8月19日的《分子細胞》雜志上,。
染色質(zhì)是細胞周期間期細胞核內(nèi)能被堿性染料染色的物質(zhì),是DNA(脫氧核糖核酸)在細胞中的天然狀態(tài),,也是調(diào)節(jié)生物體新陳代謝,、遺傳和變異的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。而生物教科書認為,,核小體是構(gòu)成染色質(zhì)的基本單位,,其形狀類似于一個扁平的碟子或一個圓柱體,染色質(zhì)由一連串的核小體所組成,。
但是,,美國加州大學圣地亞哥分校的生物學家卻指出,他們在最新研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種組成染色質(zhì)的新奇粒子,,其介于DNA和核小體中間,,盡管這種新奇粒子的外表類似于核小體,但它實際上是另外一種不同的粒子,,是核小體的前體,。他們將這種粒子命名為“前核小體”。
盡管這種前核小體在顯微鏡下看起來與核小體類似,,但是,,生物化學測試表明,它們其實是DNA和核小體之間的中間物質(zhì),。一種蛋白使用能量分子腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP)將這些前核小體變成了核小體,。
科學家們此前認為,染色質(zhì)只由核小體組成,。最新研究卻證明,,染色質(zhì)可能由核小體和前核小體組成,。領(lǐng)導該研究的生物學教授詹姆斯·門永表示:“最新發(fā)現(xiàn)可能拉開了我們重新理解染色質(zhì)的序幕。在生物體內(nèi)遺傳物質(zhì)的被復制和使用中,,這種前核小體很可能起著關(guān)鍵作用,。”
該研究由美國國家衛(wèi)生研究院(NIH)資助。NIH國立綜合醫(yī)學研究所負責監(jiān)管染色質(zhì)研究的安東尼·卡特表示:“用組蛋白包裝DNA形成的染色質(zhì)有助于穩(wěn)定染色體,,其在調(diào)控基因活動以及DNA復制方面也起重要作用,。發(fā)現(xiàn)這種新奇的中間型的DNA—組蛋白復合物將有助于我們更好地理解其如何影響這些關(guān)鍵的細胞過程。”(生物谷 Bioon.com)
doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.07.017
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Identification of a Rapidly Formed Nonnucleosomal Histone-DNA Intermediate that Is Converted into Chromatin by ACF
Sharon E. Torigoe, Debra L. Urwin, Haruhiko Ishii, Douglas E. Smith, James T. Kadonaga
Chromatin assembly involves the combined action of histone chaperones and ATP-dependent motor proteins. Here, we investigate the mechanism of nucleosome assembly with a purified chromatin assembly system containing the histone chaperone NAP1 and the ATP-dependent motor protein ACF. These studies revealed the rapid formation of a stable nonnucleosomal histone-DNA intermediate that is converted into canonical nucleosomes by ACF. The histone-DNA intermediate does not supercoil DNA like a canonical nucleosome, but has a nucleosome-like appearance by atomic force microscopy. This intermediate contains all four core histones, lacks NAP1, and is formed by the initial deposition of histones H3-H4. Conversion of the intermediate into histone H1-containing chromatin results in increased resistance to micrococcal nuclease digestion. These findings suggest that the histone-DNA intermediate corresponds to nascent nucleosome-like structures, such as those observed at DNA replication forks. Related complexes might be formed during other chromatin-directed processes such as transcription, DNA repair, and histone exchange.