據(jù)4月12日出版的《自然》雜志報道,,美國科學家利用“雞尾酒療法”成功地抑制了小鼠的癌癥腫瘤轉移,而該療法中的兩種藥物已經(jīng)在人類臨床中使用,,另一種已進入實驗階段,。
癌癥轉移是癌癥最可怕的特點之一:90%的癌癥患者的死亡源于癌腫轉移,。然而,這個轉移過程很難解釋清楚——比方說,,兩個癌腫看起來一模一樣,但是一個會轉移,,另一個不會,。癌腫每天可向血管釋放成百上千個癌細胞,但只有極小的一部分能夠成功地在另一個地方“安家落戶”,發(fā)展成為新的繼發(fā)性癌腫,。
2005年紐約斯隆癌癥研究中心(the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center)的Joan Massague小組確定了一系列能夠導致乳腺癌癌細胞轉移至肺部的基因,,其中的4個是EREG, MMP1, MMP2 and COX2。
該小組的最新研究結果進一步表明,,這4個基因協(xié)同工作,,可以加速癌癥轉移。它們不但“綁架”血管用于原發(fā)性腫瘤的生長,,而且?guī)椭┘毎?ldquo;逃逸”進入這些血管抵達肺部,,并幫助它們擠過毛細血管壁,最終在肺部“安營扎寨”,。而利用幾種藥物以雞尾酒療法使這4個基因“沉默”,,就可以相當有效地阻止癌癥轉移。但是如果一次只抑制一個基因,,效果則沒有那么明顯,。
Massague等人的研究進一步挑戰(zhàn)了一個傳統(tǒng)觀點:即癌癥轉移的傾向是在腫瘤后期才出現(xiàn)的。新的研究支持了一個相反的假設,,即原發(fā)性癌細胞從一開始有轉移的能力,,而且在他們研究的特定種類腫瘤轉移中,促使腫瘤生長的基因同時也是促使癌細胞轉移的基因,。
目前研究人員還沒有確定這4個基因是否也促成其它類型的癌癥轉移,。目前,科學家通常認為癌癥有數(shù)百種,,每一種轉移的方式很可能不一樣。如果真的是這樣,,治療就會更加困難,??茖W家們希望能夠找出一些規(guī)律。
癌癥轉移領域的研究還面臨著許多難題,。比方說有些患者在被發(fā)現(xiàn)患上癌癥的時候,只能找到繼發(fā)性癌腫,,原發(fā)性癌腫反倒消失得無影無蹤了,。而且科學家們迫切需要知道為什么有些種類的癌癥特別喜歡向某些器官轉移,比方說乳腺癌細胞為什么偏愛肺部和骨骼,。
部分英文原文:
Article
Nature 446, 765-770 (12 April 2007) | doi:10.1038/nature05760; Received 19 December 2006; Accepted 21 March 2007
Mediators of vascular remodelling co-opted for sequential steps in lung metastasis
Gaorav P. Gupta1,5, Don X. Nguyen1,5, Anne C. Chiang1,2, Paula D. Bos1, Juliet Y. Kim1, Cristina Nadal1,6, Roger R. Gomis1,6, Katia Manova-Todorova3 & Joan Massagué1,4
Cancer Biology and Genetics Program,
Department of Medicine,
Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and,
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Present addresses: Hemato-Oncology Institute, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain (C.N.); Oncology Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedecine, Barcelona Science Park and University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain (R.R.G.).
Correspondence to: Joan Massagué1,4 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.M. (Email: [email protected]).
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Abstract
Metastasis entails numerous biological functions that collectively enable cancerous cells from a primary site to disseminate and overtake distant organs. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand epiregulin, the cyclooxygenase COX2, and the matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 2, when expressed in human breast cancer cells, collectively facilitate the assembly of new tumour blood vessels, the release of tumour cells into the circulation, and the breaching of lung capillaries by circulating tumour cells to seed pulmonary metastasis. These findings reveal how aggressive primary tumorigenic functions can be mechanistically coupled to greater lung metastatic potential, and how such biological activities may be therapeutically targeted with specific drug combinations.