生物谷: 一項(xiàng)新的研究顯示,,一種常規(guī)的乳腺癌治療藥物——它莫西芬可能有助于一些癌癥增殖。
美國(guó)伊利諾斯州大學(xué)的David Shapiro解釋說(shuō),,這種藥物通過(guò)模擬雌激素作用而產(chǎn)生這種效果,。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)除了誘導(dǎo)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)外,雌激素還能幫助癌細(xì)胞躲避免疫系統(tǒng)的追蹤,。
在培養(yǎng)的人類癌細(xì)胞中,,這種激素能夠促進(jìn)一種叫做Pl-9的蛋白質(zhì)的制造,而這種蛋白質(zhì)則能夠抑制身體免疫系統(tǒng)摧毀腫瘤細(xì)胞,。
研究組還發(fā)現(xiàn),,常用于降低雌激素影響的它莫西芬(Tamoxifen)也有同樣的效果。雌激素和這種藥物都能與細(xì)胞核中的受體結(jié)合,,進(jìn)而激活Pl-9基因,。在具有大量的這種受體的腫瘤細(xì)胞中,這種藥物能夠和雌激素一樣有效地保護(hù)腫瘤細(xì)胞不被免疫系統(tǒng)的NK細(xì)胞損傷,。這項(xiàng)研究的發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)表在近期的Oncogene雜志上(Oncogene, vol46, p4106),。
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)可能解釋為什么它莫西芬對(duì)發(fā)生攜帶高水平雌激素受體的腫瘤的婦女效果差。研究人員建議醫(yī)生應(yīng)該在這個(gè)機(jī)制在動(dòng)物研究中被驗(yàn)證后在停止使用這種藥物,。如果這個(gè)機(jī)理被證實(shí),那么將可能促使研究人員開(kāi)發(fā)其他替代藥物,。
另外,,日本京都大學(xué)教授武田俊一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn),它莫西芬(TAMOXIFEN)能損傷細(xì)胞內(nèi)的DNA,。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)將有助于科學(xué)家具體查明這一藥物的副作用。
武田教授等人在實(shí)驗(yàn)中利用一種新的基因改造技術(shù)對(duì)雞的細(xì)胞進(jìn)行操作,,得到了一種特殊的細(xì)胞,,進(jìn)而可以利用它準(zhǔn)確查出它莫西芬對(duì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)DNA造成的損傷??茖W(xué)家沒(méi)有介紹具體操作過(guò)程,,但強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)發(fā)現(xiàn)了它莫西芬對(duì)DNA造成了微小損傷,而研究確認(rèn),,正是這種損傷誘發(fā)細(xì)胞發(fā)生癌變,。
Tamoxifen是第一個(gè)用于預(yù)防乳癌的藥物,,而且對(duì)于停經(jīng)前,、后的婦女均有效的。這個(gè)藥已被使用于乳癌的治療超過(guò)三十年,。1977年美國(guó)食品藥物檢驗(yàn)局通過(guò)TAMOXIFEN的臨床使用,,這也是目前世界上治療乳癌使用最多的藥物。
TAMOXIFEN是乳癌荷爾蒙治療藥物的一種,,它的作用方式與化學(xué)治療不同,,它是抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)而不是直接殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞,。之前的研究結(jié)果顯示它不但可明顯降低乳癌病人在治療后的復(fù)發(fā)率及乳癌病人對(duì)側(cè)乳房罹患乳癌的發(fā)生率,也可降低其它高危險(xiǎn)群患者的乳癌發(fā)生率,。對(duì)于停經(jīng)后的婦女而言,,TAMOXIFEN的效果更為顯著,。
服用TAMOXIFEN的禁忌主要是懷孕以及哺乳中的婦女,。因?yàn)門AMOXIFEN可能導(dǎo)致胎兒畸形,,故對(duì)于準(zhǔn)備懷孕或懷孕中的婦女不宜使用,它最大的危險(xiǎn)性在于增加停經(jīng)后的婦女得到子宮內(nèi)膜癌的機(jī)會(huì),,但若婦女病人之前接受過(guò)子宮切除手術(shù)則沒(méi)有這方面的影響。如果長(zhǎng)期服用,,它莫西芬會(huì)危及病人的生育能力,尤其是在與化療結(jié)合使用的情況下,,因?yàn)榛煴旧砭蜁?huì)削弱卵巢的功能,。通常情況下,,醫(yī)生都會(huì)讓患者服用五年的它莫西芬,。
原始出處:
Oncogene (2007) 26, 4106–4114; doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210197; published online 22 January 2007
Interplay between the levels of estrogen and estrogen receptor controls the level of the granzyme inhibitor, proteinase inhibitor 9 and susceptibility to immune surveillance by natural killer cells
X Jiang1, S J Ellison2, E T Alarid2 and D J Shapiro1
1Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
2Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
Correspondence: Dr DJ Shapiro, Department of Biochemistry, B-4 RAL, University of Illinois, 600 S Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL 61801, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
Received 20 September 2006; Revised 7 November 2006; Accepted 8 November 2006; Published online 22 January 2007.
Abstract
Estrogens promote cell proliferation and metastases in several human cancers. Here, we describe a different action of estrogens likely to contribute to tumor development-blocking immunosurveillance. In breast cancer cells, increasing concentrations of estrogen induce increasing levels of the granzyme B inhibitor, SerpinB9/proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9) and progressively block cell death induced by NK92 natural killer (NK) cells, but do not block killing by a second NK cell line, NKL cells. RNA interference knockdown of PI-9 abolishes estrogen's ability to block NK92 cell-induced cytotoxicity. Expressing elevated levels of estrogen receptor (ER) increases the induced level of PI-9, and makes tamoxifen (TAM), but not raloxifene or ICI 182,780, a potent inducer of PI-9. At elevated levels of ER, induction of PI-9 by estradiol or TAM blocks killing by both NK92 and NKL cells. When the Erk pathway is activated with epidermal growth factor, the concentration of estrogen required to induce a protective level of PI-9 is reduced to 10 pM. Elevated concentrations of estrogen and ER may provide a dual selective advantage to breast cancer cells by controlling PI-9 levels and thereby blocking immunosurveillance. Expressing elevated levels of ER reveals a potentially important difference in the effects of TAM, raloxifene and ICI 182,780 on immunosurveillance in breast cancer.
Keywords:
estrogen, estrogen receptor, tamoxifen, proteinase inhibitor 9, natural killer cell, granzyme, breast cancer