生物谷報(bào)道:來(lái)自約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)學(xué)院遺傳醫(yī)學(xué)研究院,俄亥俄州立大學(xué)分子與細(xì)胞生物學(xué)系的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)一種特殊基因的拷貝數(shù)量能影響一種小鼠模型中結(jié)腸癌的情況,,同時(shí)也解開(kāi)了為什么患有唐氏綜合癥(Down syndrome,,又稱(chēng)為先天愚型,是最常見(jiàn)的嚴(yán)重出生缺陷病之一,,生物谷注)的人能抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)這一長(zhǎng)達(dá)50年?duì)幷摗6抑匾氖沁@一研究擴(kuò)展了一個(gè)“致癌基因”或“腫瘤抑制基因”的定義,,將其擴(kuò)大到了基因劑量的影響水平,。這一研究成果公布在Nature雜志上。
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這一研究的是約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)學(xué)院McKusick-Nathans遺傳醫(yī)學(xué)研究所的生理學(xué)教授Roger H. Reeves博士,,他表示,,“我們利用了一種新方法解開(kāi)了這一長(zhǎng)達(dá)50年之久的紛爭(zhēng),即患有唐氏綜合癥的患者為什么比其它人患上癌癥的幾率小”,,“這一對(duì)于唐氏綜合癥遺傳差異性的研究提示了抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的一種新思路,。”
唐氏綜合癥是第一個(gè)混合有精神發(fā)育遲滯的綜合癥之一,1866年,,一位叫John Langdon Down醫(yī)生第一次對(duì)唐氏綜合癥的典型體征包括這類(lèi)患兒具有相似的面部特征進(jìn)行完整的描述并發(fā)表,,因此這一綜合癥以其名字命名為唐氏綜合癥。1959年,,研究人員證實(shí)了唐氏綜合癥是由染色體異常(多了一條21號(hào)染色體)而導(dǎo)致的,,因此又稱(chēng)為21三體(trisomy 21,生物谷注),。
研究人員從一種小鼠模型入手,,這種小鼠并不是像唐氏綜合癥患者那樣攜帶了多余的21號(hào)染色體的完整拷貝,而是其中包含108個(gè)基因的部分拷貝,,之后將這些三體小鼠與另外一些攜帶了一種能引起腸道腫瘤的突變的小鼠配對(duì)——這種腸道腫瘤與人類(lèi)的結(jié)腸癌相似,。結(jié)果他們發(fā)現(xiàn)繼承了三個(gè)基因拷貝的子代小鼠生成的腸道腫瘤數(shù)大約只是其母代的44%,而且腫瘤體積也較小,。
之后研究小組利用了另外一種唐氏綜合癥小鼠模型,,這些小鼠則只攜帶了21號(hào)染色體上的33個(gè)基因,帶有這33個(gè)基因三個(gè)拷貝的小鼠比攜帶有兩個(gè)正??截惖男∈蠡加心[瘤的幾率降低了一半,,而且將正常小鼠中的這33個(gè)基因刪除掉一個(gè)拷貝的時(shí)候,,這些小鼠患上腫瘤的數(shù)目回增加一倍。
Reeves解釋道,,“不僅這些基因額外拷貝能抑制腫瘤形成,,而且遺失一個(gè)拷貝就會(huì)增加腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì),這真是令人驚訝啊,。”
進(jìn)一步研究人員分析這33個(gè)基因,,希望能識(shí)別出關(guān)鍵的基因來(lái),結(jié)果他們將目關(guān)聚焦到了一個(gè)名為Ets2的基因,,這種基因之前被認(rèn)為是一種癌癥引發(fā)基因,,但是,一些科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為Ets2也許屬于能引起細(xì)胞死亡的途徑,。
然后研究人員又重復(fù)了之前的實(shí)驗(yàn),,分析包含Ets2基因一個(gè),兩個(gè)和三個(gè)拷貝的小鼠,,結(jié)果再一次重現(xiàn)了上述結(jié)論:攜帶又33個(gè)基因(包括Ets2基因)的小鼠患有癌癥的幾率小,,但是帶有32個(gè)基因三個(gè)拷貝,Ets2基因兩個(gè)拷貝(正常小鼠的情況,,生物谷注)的小鼠則生長(zhǎng)腫瘤的數(shù)量與對(duì)照小鼠(非三體)相似,,只有一個(gè)Ets2拷貝的小鼠生長(zhǎng)腫瘤的幾率更高。
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature 451, 73-75 (3 January 2008) | doi:10.1038/nature06446; Received 31 August 2007; Accepted 31 October 2007
Trisomy represses ApcMin-mediated tumours in mouse models of Down's syndrome
Thomas E. Sussan1,3, Annan Yang1, Fu Li2, Michael C. Ostrowski2 & Roger H. Reeves1
Department of Physiology and The Institute for Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Present address: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Correspondence to: Roger H. Reeves1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to R.H.R. (Email: [email protected]).
Epidemiological studies spanning more than 50 yr reach conflicting conclusions as to whether there is a lower incidence of solid tumours in people with trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome)1, 2. We used mouse models of Down's syndrome and of cancer in a biological approach to investigate the relationship between trisomy and the incidence of intestinal tumours. ApcMin-mediated tumour number was determined in aneuploid mouse models Ts65Dn, Ts1Rhr and Ms1Rhr. Trisomy for orthologues of about half of the genes on chromosome 21 (Hsa21) in Ts65Dn mice or just 33 of these genes in Ts1Rhr mice resulted in a significant reduction in the number of intestinal tumours. In Ms1Rhr, segmental monosomy for the same 33 genes that are triplicated in Ts1Rhr resulted in an increased number of tumours. Further studies demonstrated that the Ets2 gene contributed most of the dosage-sensitive effect on intestinal tumour number. The action of Ets2 as a repressor when it is overexpressed differs from tumour suppression, which requires normal gene function to prevent cellular transformation. Upregulation of Ets2 and, potentially, other genes involved in this kind of protective effect may provide a prophylactic effect in all individuals, regardless of ploidy.