科學(xué)家在70年前發(fā)現(xiàn),從食物中攝取的熱量低于其實際能量需求的大鼠比始終自由取食的大鼠壽命長,。這種熱量限制(CR)效應(yīng)引發(fā)了廣泛的研究興趣,隨后的研究證明該效應(yīng)在其他物種如線蟲,、果蠅和小鼠中也存在,。
20世紀(jì)90年代,研究人員開始對非人類的靈長類進行熱量限制實驗,,目前實驗仍在進行中,。從長遠(yuǎn)來看,這一系列研究的最終目標(biāo)是確認(rèn)熱量限制是否能延長人類的壽命,。英國阿伯丁大學(xué)的John Speakman和Catherine Hambly于2007年在《營養(yǎng)學(xué)雜志》上發(fā)表研究論文探討來自動物的實驗結(jié)果是否適用于人類以及該方法是否具有可行性,。如果該效應(yīng)在人類身上得到確證,那么開發(fā)具有類似熱量限制作用的新藥物也將成為可能,。
鑒于熱量限制能夠延長壽命已經(jīng)在多個物種中得到證實,,這將促使研究人員傾注大量的科研投入來研究其作用機理。目前已經(jīng)清楚的是在小型嚙齒動物中,,熱量限制主要是通過降低癌癥的發(fā)生來延長壽命,。這一點對實驗室飼養(yǎng)的嚙齒動物非常重要,因為癌癥是導(dǎo)致其死亡的主要原因,。
然而,,熱量限制并不能抑制所有的癌癥。限制飲食能影響大多數(shù)癌癥,,而不是所有的癌癥,,其原因目前尚不清楚。來自美國麻省劍橋Whitehead生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究所的Nada Kalaany和David Sabatini發(fā)表在4月9日出版的《自然》雜志上的突破性發(fā)現(xiàn)將有助于加深對這一問題的理解和認(rèn)識,。他們將幾種不同的腫瘤植入小鼠體內(nèi),,然后觀察在熱量限制的條件下哪些腫瘤生長哪些不生長,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)生長的腫瘤中負(fù)責(zé)編碼磷脂酰肌醇三羥基激酶(PI3K)的基因發(fā)生了突變,。PI3K是細(xì)胞內(nèi)胰島素信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路的一部分,,胰腺分泌的胰島素與細(xì)胞表面的相應(yīng)受體結(jié)合,繼而引發(fā)一系列級聯(lián)反應(yīng),最終作用到細(xì)胞核,,進而激活或者抑制某些基因的表達(dá),。熱量限制導(dǎo)致胰島素水平顯著降低,這有可能引起上述信號通路被抑制,,增加細(xì)胞進入程序性死亡的可能性,,從而抑制腫瘤的生長。但在一些突變的腫瘤中盡管胰島素水平很低,,PI3K依然保持活性,這些腫瘤在熱量限制情況下仍然會生長,。
最讓人感興趣的是,,他們同時發(fā)現(xiàn),改變某一腫瘤的PI3K狀態(tài)能將其從對食物限制不敏感改變?yōu)閷κ澄锵拗泼舾?。這一新發(fā)現(xiàn)為了解癌癥的發(fā)病機理和治療提供了信息:一方面,,熱量限制有可能作為一種有效方法應(yīng)用于某些癌癥的臨床治療;另一方面,,適用于熱量限制治療的癌癥可以通過測定PI3K信號通路的突變狀態(tài)來鑒定,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原始出處:
Nature 458, 725-731 (9 April 2009) | doi:10.1038/nature07782
Tumours with PI3K activation are resistant to dietary restriction
Nada Y. Kalaany1,2,3 & David M. Sabatini1,2,3,4
Dietary restriction delays the incidence and decreases the growth of various types of tumours, but the mechanisms underlying the sensitivity of tumours to food restriction remain unknown. Here we show that certain human cancer cell lines, when grown as tumour xenografts in mice, are highly sensitive to the anti-growth effects of dietary restriction, whereas others are resistant. Cancer cells that form dietary-restriction-resistant tumours carry mutations that cause constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and in culture proliferate in the absence of insulin or insulin-like growth factor 1. Substitution of an activated mutant allele of PI3K with wild-type PI3K in otherwise isogenic cancer cells, or the restoration of PTEN expression in a PTEN-null cancer cell line, is sufficient to convert a dietary-restriction-resistant tumour into one that is dietary-restriction-sensitive. Dietary restriction does not affect a PTEN-null mouse model of prostate cancer, but it significantly decreases tumour burden in a mouse model of lung cancer lacking constitutive PI3K signalling. Thus, the PI3K pathway is an important determinant of the sensitivity of tumours to dietary restriction, and activating mutations in the pathway may influence the response of cancers to dietary restriction-mimetic therapies.
1 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
2 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
3 Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
4 Broad Institute, Seven Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA