如果癌癥治療能像計算機(jī)程序那樣,根據(jù)條件執(zhí)行任務(wù),,結(jié)果會怎樣呢,?物理學(xué)家組織網(wǎng)近日報道,加州理工學(xué)院的研究人員開發(fā)出一種小條件性RNA(核糖核酸)分子,,它可以按照“如果……只有……才……”的邏輯命令來殺死變異細(xì)胞,,極大程度地減輕了癌癥治療的副作用,研究論文發(fā)表在9月6日的美國《國家科學(xué)院院刊》(PNAS)上,。
癌癥是環(huán)境和遺傳因素雙重作用的“產(chǎn)兒”,,且每種癌癥都很獨特,所以很難治療,。傳統(tǒng)化療是通過假定一種或者多種藥物既能識別,,又能殺死癌細(xì)胞來治療癌癥的。而事實上,,藥物的選擇性很有限,,化療還會帶來很多副作用,比如經(jīng)常服用一種瞄準(zhǔn)快速增生的腫瘤細(xì)胞的化療藥物會導(dǎo)致脫發(fā),,因為頭發(fā)毛囊細(xì)胞是人體中生長最快的細(xì)胞之一,,癌癥藥物的識別往往會“張冠李戴”。
研究人員演示了小條件性RNA分子有選擇地殺死癌細(xì)胞的過程,,結(jié)果表明,,這種分子可有效地消除實驗室培養(yǎng)的腦癌、前列腺癌和骨癌細(xì)胞,而沒有癌變的細(xì)胞數(shù)量并無明顯減少,。論文合著者尼爾斯·皮爾斯說,,這種分子能測出癌細(xì)胞的內(nèi)部變異,然后在其內(nèi)部激活治療反應(yīng),,而在沒有癌變的細(xì)胞中保持沉默,。
RNA在細(xì)胞中執(zhí)行各種功能,包括作為信使,,交流轉(zhuǎn)換,、監(jiān)控以及在某些時候表達(dá)基因等。一般基因平均有數(shù)千個堿基對,,一種長度小于30個堿基對的特殊RNA稱為小RNA,,許多生命過程都離不開它們。和DNA(脫氧核糖核酸)相比,,RNA相對短命,,但其編碼系統(tǒng)卻存儲了人體中幾乎每個細(xì)胞的完整基因組的全部備份。
研究人員從結(jié)構(gòu)上模擬人體細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的小RNA,,研究出一種包含兩個獨立小RNA的小條件性RNA分子,。如果將特征標(biāo)記植入這種RNA中,就能將識別和治療過程分開,,讓其具有高選擇性和高效殺死癌細(xì)胞的能力,。第一個小RNA開啟“如果……只有……才……”程序,診斷癌癥變異,,發(fā)現(xiàn)癌變后才釋放出一種事先隱藏在小RNA中的信號,,使另一個小RNA和它連接起來,引發(fā)連環(huán)反應(yīng),。然后,,這些RNA分子開始持續(xù)不斷地生成長鏈。分子鏈越長,,就越容易誘發(fā)細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生病毒入侵的免疫應(yīng)答,,從而進(jìn)入自我毀滅程序。
皮爾斯說,,從概念上講,,小條件性RNA改變了癌癥治療的前景,因為它是從分子水平來改變治療,,但其治療效果還要通過實驗進(jìn)一步確定,。
這項研究是國家科學(xué)基金會計算機(jī)、信息科學(xué)與工程理事會資助的“分子規(guī)劃項目”的一部分,,其目標(biāo)之一就是研究生物分子如何存儲和處理信息以及怎樣在實際中應(yīng)用這些信息等,研究的核心就是RNA,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷近期特別推薦會議:
2010細(xì)胞治療研究進(jìn)展與臨床應(yīng)用前沿研討會 www.Cell-therapies.net 2010年9月23日-25日天津召開
第一屆腫瘤基礎(chǔ)和轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)國際研討會 www.cancerasia.org 2010年10月12日-10月15日上海召開
生物谷推薦英文摘要:
PNAS doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006377107
Selective cell death mediated by small conditional RNAs
Suvir Venkataramana, Robert M. Dirksa,b, Christine T. Uedab, and Niles A. Piercea,c,1
aDepartment of Bioengineering;
bDepartment of Chemistry; and
cDepartment of Applied and Computational Mathematics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
Cancer cells are characterized by genetic mutations that deregulate cell proliferation and suppress cell death. To arrest the uncontrolled replication of malignant cells, conventional chemotherapies systemically disrupt cell division, causing diverse and often severe side effects as a result of collateral damage to normal cells. Seeking to address this shortcoming, we pursue therapeutic regulation that is conditional, activating selectively in cancer cells. This functionality is achieved using small conditional RNAs that interact and change conformation to mechanically transduce between detection of a cancer mutation and activation of a therapeutic pathway. Here, we describe small conditional RNAs that undergo hybridization chain reactions (HCR) to induce cell death via an innate immune response if and only if a cognate mRNA cancer marker is detected within a cell. The sequences of the small conditional RNAs can be designed to accept different mRNA markers as inputs to HCR transduction, providing a programmable framework for selective killing of diverse cancer cells. In cultured human cancer cells (glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma, Ewing’s sarcoma), HCR transduction mediates cell death with striking efficacy and selectivity, yielding a 20- to 100-fold reduction in population for cells containing a cognate marker, and no measurable reduction otherwise. Our results indicate that programmable mechanical transduction with small conditional RNAs represents a fundamental principle for exploring therapeutic conditional regulation in living cells.