12月8日,國際著名期刊British Medical Journal在線發(fā)表了英國研究人員的最新研究成果“Possible net harms of breast cancer screening: updated modelling of Forrest report,。”這項(xiàng)研究提出,,對(duì)于在英國推行乳腺癌篩查可能弊大于利的說法,它表示支持,。
乳腺癌篩查可能引起的危害包括誤判為正常(非正常的結(jié)果顯示為正常)和過度治療(對(duì)那些在患者一生中都不太可能引發(fā)癥狀或死亡的無害腫瘤進(jìn)行治療),。這可能是因?yàn)榘┘?xì)胞生長十分緩慢,以至于患者在出現(xiàn)癥狀之前就死于其它原因,,又或者是因?yàn)榘┘?xì)胞持續(xù)休眠或退化,。
新研究顯示,篩查的弊端極大地抵消了其好處,,這一影響可長達(dá)10年,,在那之后,相關(guān)收益才會(huì)累積,,但是已經(jīng)比篩查剛剛開始的時(shí)候所預(yù)計(jì)的要少的多了,。
1986年的弗雷斯報(bào)告為英國引入了乳腺癌篩查。弗雷斯報(bào)告在15年的跨度里估算了每一年做了篩查和沒做篩查的女性的幸存率,,并對(duì)質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年(QALYs,,即對(duì)生命的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量的綜合衡量)內(nèi)的成本和效益均做了測(cè)算,但沒有將危害包括在內(nèi),。
報(bào)告提示,,篩查可以將乳腺癌的死亡率降低幾乎三分之一,,而且?guī)缀鯖]有什么危害,成本也很低,。
自弗雷斯報(bào)告發(fā)布以來,乳腺癌篩查的危害就被定了論,。于是,,南安普敦大學(xué)的研究人員開始著手對(duì)報(bào)告結(jié)果進(jìn)行更新,他們將篩查的利弊結(jié)合進(jìn)行一次性衡量,,來重新幸存者的數(shù)量,。
基于10萬名年過50、且在參加篩查項(xiàng)目后仍繼續(xù)存活了高達(dá)20年的女性的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù),,研究人員形成了這份報(bào)告結(jié)果,。
因?yàn)榘苏`判和不必要的手術(shù),篩查所帶來的益處基本被減半,。最好的估計(jì)是,,在篩查后質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年的凈減少高達(dá)八年,10年后獲得最少量的收益,。
而20年后,,質(zhì)量調(diào)整生命年的凈增加開始累積,但是其增長程度遠(yuǎn)低于弗雷斯報(bào)告的預(yù)測(cè),。
研究報(bào)告的作者們表示,,需要對(duì)非必要治療及其對(duì)生命質(zhì)量的影響開展更多研究。他們還呼吁,,需要提高現(xiàn)有的手段,,以便能夠識(shí)別出最可能因手術(shù)而獲益的患者,以及幫助衡量手術(shù)帶來的危害的程度和時(shí)間長短,。從公眾的角度來說,,過度診斷和過度治療的意義和影響都需要被更好地闡釋和傳達(dá)給任何一個(gè)在考慮篩查的婦女,研究人員補(bǔ)充道,。
然而,,在上個(gè)月發(fā)表于英國醫(yī)學(xué)期刊在線版的一份關(guān)于法國婦女的研究論文中,過度治療的程度持續(xù)的不確定性十分明顯,。該論文稱,,篩查所帶來的對(duì)入侵式乳腺癌的過度診斷率不過大約1%。(生物谷Bioon.com)
doi: 10.1136/bmj.d7627
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Possible net harms of breast cancer screening: updated modelling of Forrest report
James Raftery, professor of health technology assessment, Maria Chorozoglou, research fellow
Objective To assess the claim in a Cochrane review that mammographic breast cancer screening could be doing more harm than good by updating the analysis in the Forrest report, which led to screening in the United Kingdom. Design Development of a life table model, which replicated Forrest’s results before updating and extending them with data from relevant systematic reviews, trials, and other models based on purposive literature searches. Participants Women aged 50 and over invited for breast cancer screening. Main outcome measures Quality adjusted life years (QALYs), combining life years gained from screening with losses of quality of life from false positive diagnoses and surgery. Results Inclusion of the effects of harms reduced the updated estimate of net cumulative QALYs gained after 20 years from 3301 to 1536 or by more than half. The best estimates from the Cochrane review generated negative QALYs for the first seven years of screening, 70 QALYs after 10 years, and 834 QALYs after 20 years. Sensitivity analysis showed these results were robust to a range of assumptions, particularly up to 10 years. It also indicated the importance of the level and duration of harms from surgery. Conclusions This analysis supports the claim that the introduction of breast cancer screening might have caused net harm for up to 10 years after the start of screening.