健康的基因組以23對染色體為特征,,甚至這個結(jié)構(gòu)上一個小變化--如單一染色體額外拷貝--能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的體格缺陷。所以,,一點也不奇怪,,染色體結(jié)構(gòu)在談到癌癥時往往是一個促進因素,特拉維夫大學(xué)(TAU)計算機科學(xué)布拉瓦尼克學(xué)院的Ron Shamir教授說,。
現(xiàn)在,,Shamir教授和他的前博士生Michal Ozery-Flato 和Chaim Linhart,,與謝巴醫(yī)療中心的Shai Izraeli教授與Luba Trakhtenbrot博士一起,將計算機科學(xué)技術(shù)與統(tǒng)計學(xué)結(jié)合,,發(fā)現(xiàn)不同癌癥類型中許多染色體對一起丟失或獲得,。而且,研究人員在諸如腎癌,、骨骼癌和肝癌的胚胎癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)了染色體畸變的一種新通性,。
這些研究結(jié)果,發(fā)表在最近出版的Genome Biology上,,揭示了更多癌癥本性,。當(dāng)癌癥發(fā)生時,基因組逐漸地突變--確定突變的模式可以幫助我們理解許多不同類型癌癥的本性與進展,,Shamir教授說,。
看大圖片
當(dāng)癌癥進展時,染色體結(jié)構(gòu)被重排,,個別染色體被復(fù)制或丟失,,基因組變得異常。一些癌癥類型甚至可以通過確定個別染色體畸變而被診斷出來,,Shamir教授強調(diào)說,,他指出,特定類型的白血病是一個例子,,此病就是因9號染色體上一小塊被移到22號染色體上而導(dǎo)致的,。
但是,在分析許多不同類型癌癥時,,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),,不同癌癥的染色體畸變以一種明顯的、重要的方式一起發(fā)生,。研究人員研究了收集到的超過五萬份的癌癥染色體組型--單一細(xì)胞中染色體布局代表--表示在一個單細(xì)胞--根據(jù)共性繪制它們,。研究人員不僅能夠確定出現(xiàn)在特定類型癌癥中的不同染色體畸變,而且還在不同癌癥類型中第一次確定了丟失的或獲得的染色體對的更廣泛影響,。
這也是研究人員第一次觀察到固體腎臟癌,、骨骼癌和肝癌之間的聯(lián)系。雖然都知道這些癌癥全都在胚胎中發(fā)生,,以前它們都被獨立地分析,。特拉維夫大學(xué)的研究人員現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)證實,這些癌癥共享染色體的特性和畸變,,更象各種形式的白血病或淋巴瘤,。
畸變--癌癥的驅(qū)動力
在正常情況下,染色體結(jié)構(gòu)的一個小變化會是毀滅性的,。例如,,唐氏綜合征(Down's syndrome)就是由21號染色體的單一額外拷貝所導(dǎo)致,。"但是,在癌癥中有許多染色體多余或丟失的例子,。然而癌癥細(xì)胞比其他細(xì)胞成長更有效",, Shamir教授說。
Shamir教授希望今后關(guān)于這些染色體畸變的調(diào)查研究將給研究人員帶來更多的線索,,即一些很不利于我們的健康發(fā)育的東西為什么對這種疾病是有益的。他說,,癌癥是序列事件的結(jié)果,,每一序列都導(dǎo)致基因組更加突變、更混亂和更重復(fù),。跟蹤這些變化可以幫助我們理解癌癥發(fā)展的驅(qū)動力,。
Shamir教授主持生物信息學(xué)的Edmond J. Safra計劃,享有生物信息學(xué)Raymond和 Beverly Sackler的榮譽,。(生物谷bioon.com)
doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r61
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Large-scale analysis of chromosomal aberrations in cancer karyotypes reveals two distinct paths to aneuploidy
Michal Ozery-Flato, Chaim Linhart, Luba Trakhtenbrot, Shai Izraeli, Ron Shamir
Abstract Background Chromosomal aneuploidy, that is to say the gain or loss of chromosomes, is the most common abnormality in cancer. While certain aberrations, most commonly translocations, are known to be strongly associated with specific cancers and contribute to their formation, most aberrations appear to be non-specific and arbitrary, and do not have a clear effect. The understanding of chromosomal aneuploidy and its role in tumorigenesis is a fundamental open problem in cancer biology. Results We report on a systematic study of the characteristics of chromosomal aberrations in cancers, using over 15,000 karyotypes and 62 cancer classes in the Mitelman Database. Remarkably, we discovered a very high co-occurrence rate of chromosome gains with other chromosome gains, and of losses with losses. Gains and losses rarely show significant co-occurrence. This finding was consistent across cancer classes and was confirmed on an independent comparative genomic hybridization dataset of cancer samples. The results of our analysis are available for further investigation via an accompanying website. Conclusions The broad generality and the intricate characteristics of the dichotomy of aneuploidy, ranging across numerous tumor classes, are revealed here rigorously for the first time using statistical analyses of large-scale datasets. Our finding suggests that aneuploid cancer cells may use extra chromosome gain or loss events to restore a balance in their altered protein ratios, needed for maintaining their cellular fitness.