確診為局部膀胱癌的癌癥患者,有80%的癌癥患者存活期有五年,,但一旦癌細胞擴散,,只有20%的人生存期為三年?!杜R床研究雜志》最近刊登的一則研究不僅揭示了膀胱癌是如何轉(zhuǎn)移至肺部的,,同時也指出了抑制這種膀胱癌細胞轉(zhuǎn)移的方法。
具體來說,,該項研究表明參與腫瘤細胞遷移過程的蛋白質(zhì)——多功能蛋白聚糖(versican)是肺轉(zhuǎn)移的驅(qū)動因子,,高聚糖水平與膀胱癌患者的預(yù)后較差相關(guān)。這項研究首次證明當腫瘤細胞產(chǎn)生蛋白RhoGDI2時,,腫瘤細胞聚糖的產(chǎn)生是如何減少的,,進而降低了癌細胞在肺部的生長能力。
科羅拉多大學(xué)癌癥中心Dan Theodorescu醫(yī)學(xué)博士,,也是該論文的主要作者說:過去十年來我們已經(jīng)知道,,治療膀胱癌的主要挑戰(zhàn)是治療或預(yù)防疾病的轉(zhuǎn)移,,這項研究是對后者的進步即預(yù)防膀胱癌擴散到肺部,我們可以提高患者的生存期,。
當癌癥從它產(chǎn)生的位置轉(zhuǎn)移到其它部位時,,這并不是細胞突然變得具有移動性,從而能夠通過血液或淋巴到達轉(zhuǎn)移灶,。事實上,,這些癌細胞可能已經(jīng)在病人的血液中存在了一段時間,只有當腫瘤細胞最終能在它接觸到的器官如肺等部位生長時,,轉(zhuǎn)移才會發(fā)生,。
當?shù)谝粋€癌細胞接觸到器官也就是肺時,腫瘤細胞要想生存下來會碰到困境,。癌細胞能通過表達聚糖的形式克服這種困境,。癌細胞表達更多聚糖,它們就會得到巨噬細胞的更多幫助,。
癌細胞產(chǎn)生聚糖越多就能募集到更多的巨噬細胞,,進而援助癌細胞生存,提高發(fā)展成臨床顯著的肺癌的可能性,。
Theodorescu和他的同事們研究發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋白質(zhì)RhoGDI2能減少聚糖的表達,。癌細胞產(chǎn)生更多的RhoDI2,那聚糖就越少,。因此只需少量的巨噬細胞就能使這些高RhoGDI2的癌細胞難于生存,。
果然當Theodorescu和他的同事用RhoGDI2處理腫瘤細胞后,腫瘤細胞聚糖表達降低了,,轉(zhuǎn)移也減少了,。
Theodorescu說:“我們相信這項研究為抑制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的提出了新的機制,即通過改變腫瘤微環(huán)境包括減少巨噬細胞的存在進而抑制腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移提供了重要的依據(jù)”,。
事實上,,這篇論文顯也是第一次證實聚糖誘導(dǎo)巨噬細胞幫助腫瘤的能力取決于一種稱為CCL2蛋白質(zhì)。抑制CCL2的藥物已經(jīng)在臨床試驗中用于研究治療其他疾病,。
如果在人身上能獲得如同實驗室研究階段所得到的效果,,即抑制CCL2減少聚糖誘導(dǎo)巨噬細胞促進腫瘤生長的能力的話,這些CCL2抑制劑將不久就能在用于治療膀胱癌患者,。CCL2抑制劑或許有可能降低膀胱癌轉(zhuǎn)移的幾率,從而能顯著改善高風(fēng)險膀胱癌患者的預(yù)后情況果,。(生物谷: Bioon)
doi:10.1172/JCI61392
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RhoGDI2 suppresses lung metastasis in mice by reducing tumor versican expression and macrophage infiltration
Neveen Said, Marta Sanchez-Carbayo, Steven C. Smith, Dan Theodorescu
Half of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer develop metastatic disease, and this is responsible for most of the deaths from this cancer. Low expression of RhoGTP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2; also known as ARHGDIB and Ly-GDI) is associated with metastatic disease in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Moreover, a reduction in metastasis is observed upon reexpression of RhoGDI2 in xenograft models of metastatic cancer. Here, we show that RhoGDI2 suppresses lung metastasis in mouse models by reducing the expression of isoforms V1 and V3 of the proteoglycan versican (VCAN; also known as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 2 [CSPG2]). In addition, we found that high versican levels portended poor prognosis in patients with bladder cancer. The functional importance of tumor expression of versican in promoting metastasis was established in in vitro and in vivo studies in mice that implicated a role for the chemokine CCL2 (also known as MCP1) and macrophages. Further analysis indicated that RhoGDI2 suppressed metastasis by altering inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. In summary, we demonstrate what we believe to be a new mechanism of metastasis suppression that works by reducing host responses that promote metastatic colonization of the lung. Therapeutic targeting of these interactions may provide a novel adjuvant strategy for delaying the appearance of clinical metastasis in patients.